Showing posts with label Occupy Wall Street. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Occupy Wall Street. Show all posts

Wednesday, September 4, 2013

Party for Mutualism and Cooperation: Proposal for the State of Oregon

Party for Mutualism and Cooperation
(Proposal for the State of Oregon)

A potential political party
(at the municipal, county, state, and federal levels)
to promote cooperation, mutuality, voluntary action,
entrepreneurialism, egalitarian markets,
and transparency in government.



C.O.R.E. and the movement for a cooperativist party would like to partner with and garner the mutual support of all varieties of social service agencies and charities, local government and local business groups, cooperative and mutual banks and other enterprises, labor organizations, and citizens' and consumers' interest groups.

They are especially interested in coordinating with Street Roots (and - outside of Oregon - the North American Street Newspaper Association and the International Network of Street Papers), local Occupy chapters; Food Not Bombs; advocates for Cascadian independence; veterans' and retired persons' groups and communities, homeless people willing to volunteer; and independent and retired accountants, paralegals, public defenders, and public relations agents willing to give legal, financial, and other advice.



GOALS

1. Voluntary Cooperation in Government, the Economy, and Society
2. Mutuality and Independence in Government and Business
3. Local Banking Over National and Foreign Banking
4. Governance, Banking, Business, Labor, Social Services, and Justice
5. Growth of the Third (Voluntary) Sector
6. Alliances in Business, Trade, and Governance



GOALS

1. Voluntary Cooperation in Government, the Economy, and Society
To build a state- and local- level political party in Oregon in order to represent the lower and middle classes; by partnering with and garnering the support of credit unions, mutual banks, and cooperative banks, to invest in the improvement of local and community government, justice and social programs, enterprise and labor, and the self-sustainability of the volunteer sector.

2. Mutuality and Independence in Government and Business
To promote cooperation, mutuality, reciprocity, autonomy, and independence - over dependence and parasitism - in interactions between citizens and government, workers and businesses, and their representatives; and to insist that any good or service which the state deems compulsory upon the citizens to purchase or possess, be provided by the state imposing the requirement.

3. Local Banking over National and Foreign Banking
To reverse the trend of the people losing possession of their homes, properties, and enterprises to national and foreign banks – and their children and loved ones to child protective services and the prison system – by increasing local determination over policies regarding banking and investment in government and enterprise, and child care, parental rights, education, and the rights of the accused.

4. Governance, Banking, Business, Labor, Social Services, and Justice
To improve the provision of goods and services to the people through governmental and personal avenues; especially with regard to local governance, banking and finance, credit and lending, sustainable development and improvement of businesses and properties, independent workers' rights and collective bargaining reform, housing and transportation, mortgage foreclosures and abandoned property, homesteading laws and settlers' laws, adverse possession (or squatting), social welfare and homelessness, child care and education, police transparency, civil liberties, regulation of the legal professions, jury nullification, and awareness of corporate personhood and corporate government.

5. Growth of the Third (Voluntary) Sector
To make viable the independence and self-sustainability of the Third Sector (the sector of voluntarism, cooperation, mutuality / reciprocity, and community), to bring about its separation from the state, and to bring about its secession from the private-public partnership of the establishment economy; through a bipartisan, multipartisan, or non-partisan general strike; and / or through growing a political party infrastructure capable of purchasing landed jurisdictions from existing governments for the purposes of reorganizing the political environment for the development of bio-regionalism.

6. Alliances in Business, Trade, and Governance
To build coalitions between business alliances, and building combination aid-and-trade associations / trade organizations / economic and industrial unions into a cooperating and amicably competing group of non-statist international agencies providing economic and social governance and operating on a diverse array of cooperativist principles of governmental and entrepreneurial planning models.



POLICY AREAS

I. Reform and Development of State, County, and Municipal Government
II. Reform of the Banking Industry and the Financial System
III. Reform of the Housing Industry and the Property Rights System
IV. Reform of Social Welfare: C.O.R.E., Homelessness, Mutual Aid and Charity, Education
V. Reform of the System of Credit to and Development of Business
VI. Reform of the System of Rights of Unionized Laborers and Independent Workers
VII. Reform of the Criminal and Civil Justice Systems, and of the Regulation of the Legal Professions


I. Reform and Development of State, County, and Municipal Government
1. Transparency
2. Local Government
3. Government Investment
4. Local Business Alliance
5. Consumer and Political Advocacy
6. Private Communities
7. Bio-Regionalism
8. Cascadian Independence

II. Reform of the Banking Industry and the Financial System
1. Free and Egalitarian Markets
2. Finance and Market Regulation
3. Investment and Commercial Banking
4. Credit and Interest
5. Banking, Investment, and Credit
6. Banking and Lending
7. Coopetration in Banking
8. Treasury and Monetary Policy

III. Reform of the Housing Industry and the Property Rights System
1. Public Facilities
2. Settling, Homesteading, and Squatting
3. Unoccupied Public and Commercial Properties
4. Unoccupied Transportation Properties
5. Parks and Communal Lands
6. Cooperative Housing

IV. Reform of Social Welfare: C.O.R.E., Homelessness, Mutual Aid and Charity, Education
1. C.O.R.E. Values in Activism
2. Reciprocity in Social Service Provision
3. Access to Public Facilities
4. Aid-and-Trade
5. Aid-for-Work
6. Education and Schools
7. Child Custody and Protection
8. Voluntarism in Social Services

V. Reform of the System of Credit to and Development of Business
1. Local Business Development
2. Social Purpose of Business
3. Independent and Cooperative Business Organization
4. Cooperative and Mutualist Business Investment
5. Coordination Across Stages of Production
6. Cooperative Business Association

VI. Reform of the System of Rights of Unionized Laborers, Independent Workers, and the Unemployed
1. Egalitarian Workplaces
2. Collective Bargaining
3. Unemployment and Non-Collective Labor
4. Third Sector General Strike

VII. Reform of the Civil and Criminal Justice Systems, and of the Regulation of the Legal Professions
1. Tort Reform and Class Action
2. Non-Violent Crime
3. Police State
4. Rights of the Accused and of Juries
5. Regulation of the Legal Professions



POLICIES


I. Reform and Development of State, County, and Municipal Government

1. Transparency
Increase voluntarism and transparency in interactions between citizens and agencies of government.

2. Local Government
Increase communal autonomy, the self-determination of localities, subsidiarity, municipal home rule, and multiple-federalism.

3. Government Investment
Promote sustainable, egalitarian, and transparent investment in - and improvement to development of - state, county, and municipal governments; through fostering an environment conducive to cooperation between credit unions, mutual banks, cooperative banks, multi- stakeholder community development cooperatives, and non-profit community organizations (in the vein of the Free Detroit Project).

4. Local Business Alliance
Promote cooperation between sympathetic local businesses and alliances / associations / partnerships thereof, local chambers of commerce, and locavore groups and other domestic production advocacy groups.

5. Consumer and Political Advocacy
Promote cooperation between sympathetic citizens' and consumers' interest and advocacy groups, political action committees, legislative caucuses, and political parties in state and local government.

6. Private Communities
Allow community experimentation with the Georgist single-tax (Land-Value-Tax) model of private community organization.

7. Bio-Regionalism
Promote cooperation and understanding between the governmental establishment, Cascadian independence groups, and other groups and individuals promoting bio-regionalism.

8. Cascadian Independence
Build coalitions in order to grow the movement's political economy; so that the states of Washington, Oregon, and Idaho are permitted to constitutionally and independently secede from the government of the United States, and that the province of British Columbia is permitted to constitutionally secede from Canada; so that neighboring landed jurisdictions within the Cascadia watershed may be sold to other states or provinces, or to the national governments, in order to settle the borders of Cascadia through constitutional, legal, diplomatic, peaceful means oriented towards friendly trade.



II. Reform of the Banking Industry and the Financial System

1. Free and Egalitarian Markets
Promote the freeing of the markets, and move towards the perfection and completeness of markets and of competition; promote fair and amicable competition and diversity in markets for the provision of goods and services; and promote equal access to the factors of production as a condition for legitimate participation in markets for individuals, firms, and communities alike.

2. Finance and Market Regulation
Promote just policies in finance and market regulation; through de-incentivizing and punishing the imposition of high transaction costs that cannot be justified by the need to provide for the costs of administration (including unreasonable bank fees), deceptive and fraudulent profit- calculation practices, intrinsic and systemic risk of externalization such as social-cost and free-rider problems, high leverage (i.e., high ratios of speculative assets to tangible assets), collateralization of debt obligations, pernicious lending, and insider trading and manipulative speculative behavior in short selling.

3. Investment and Commercial Banking
Promote the separation of investment banking from community commercial banking by implementing Glass-Steagall-type legislation at state and local levels of government, and the restoration of Glass-Steagall-type legislation at the federal level.

4. Credit and Interest
Procure for the people easy credit and low interest rates; not low because they are set artificially
low by cartels of pernicious lenders, but low because markets would naturally favor modest
growth rates, egalitarian investment and liability, and low transaction costs.

5. Banking, Investment, and Credit
Promote cooperation between sympathetic non-profit and not-for-profit banks, savings banks and savings-and-loans, labor banks, resource banks, partnerships, trusts and trust funds, corporate credit unions, Accumulating (ASCAs) and Rotating (ROSCAs) Savings and Credit Associations, multi-stakeholder co-operatives, limited-liability companies, non-capital stock corporations, investment and investment services agencies, registered investment companies, holding companies, insurance and insurance services agencies, credit and credit counseling services agencies

6. Banking and Lending
Promote fair and egalitarian banking and investment by preventing the revocation of the federal tax exemption for credit unions, and by promoting adequate taxation of – or the giving of adequate social dividends from the profits of – pernicious lenders in the private and public sectors not operating on mutual and cooperative banking models.

7. Cooperation in Banking
Build and promote cooperation between sympathetic credit-union leagues and cooperative interbank networks.

8. Treasury and Monetary Policy
Promote just treasury and monetary policy by opposing usury and fractional reserve banking; by allowing states [as North Dakota is doing] to establish state banks (especially if they are non- profit or not-for-profit; or operate on mutual or cooperative principles); and by allowing communities, social groups, enterprises, and alliances thereof to experiment with alternative currency by issuing their own labor- and resource- backed currencies (for example, in the manner of Mountain Hours of Summit County, Colorado).



III. Reform of the Housing Industry and the Property Rights System

1. Public Facilities
Augment the rights of the homeless to access public and common utilities and services, augment the rights of evicted tenants and victims of mortgage foreclosures to seek compensation from landlords, and increase penalties for fraud and gambling by landlords.

2. Settling, Homesteading, and Squatting
Reform laws related to the rights of settlers, homesteading, and squatting; including by amending the state's requirement of ten years of exclusive occupancy for adverse possession.

3. Unoccupied Public and Commercial Properties
Support sustainable improvements to the development of abandoned and unoccupied public and
private properties; such as residencies and commercial offices; schools and hospitals; and unincorporated, undeveloped, underdeveloped, blighted, and low- property-value properties and areas.

4. Unoccupied Transportation Properties
Support sustainable improvements to the development of abandoned and unoccupied transportation infrastructure properties; such as parking garages, highways, bridges, train system properties, airports, and other lands managed by the Oregon Department of Transportation; in addition to seasteads and mobile floating occupations and residencies, and subway systems (in future Portland, or in large cities in other states as the movement develops and spreads).

5. Parks and Communal Lands
Permit housing on - and support sustainable improvements to the development of - communal farming lands; community public parks; state forests, camping grounds, and other lands; and national forests, camping grounds, and other lands in the state (besides parks and wildlife preserves).

6. Cooperative Housing
Supplement deficiencies and deficits in the provision of shelter to the people; through promoting cooperation between sympathetic building and housing cooperatives and utility cooperatives, through providing volunteer-based temporary shelter at agencies offering aid-for-work, and through restoring use of and developing abandoned housing facilities and habitable areas.



IV. Reform of Social Welfare: C.O.R.E., Homelessness, Mutual Aid and Charity, Education

1. C.O.R.E. Values in Activism
Improve the image of the disadvantaged by promoting activism which respects C.O.R.E. Values (Clean, Organized, Respectful, and Energetic), promoting understanding and respect between
the homeless and disadvantaged, and residents, tourists, police, and providers of social welfare services.

2. Reciprocity in Social Service Provision
Insist that any good or service which the state deems compulsory upon the citizen to purchase or possess as a condition of exercising basic freedoms and rights – be it identification and travel documents, legal paperwork and legal representation, health insurance, justice and security, or access to public facilities and social programs – be provided by the state imposing the requirement.

3. Access to Public Facilities
Improve access to and information of common and public facilities in public areas - for the public in general and for the disadvantaged and homeless in particular - by promoting cooperation between sympathetic churches and rescue missions, food pantries and activist feeding groups, other charities and non-profits, mental health and addiction clinics, hospitals, and homeless- positive businesses and individuals; and by distributing maps showing locations of public facilities, such as the aforementioned establishments, as well as drinking fountains, electric outlets, shelters, and restrooms.

4. Aid-and-Trade
Improve the coordination and efficiency of the delivery of personal social welfare by building a mutual aid society into an aid-and-trade association; through promoting cooperation between sympathetic charity organizations, mutual support and mutual aid networks, mutual organizations, mutual and friendly societies, fraternal organizations, building societies, benefit and benevolent societies, burial societies, non-profit and not-for-profit non-stock corporations, non-commercial organizations.

5. Aid-for-Work
Build aid-for-work agencies, and associations thereof, for disadvantaged persons wishing to volunteer and access employment services – including immediate care (for spouses, children, and pets) and education for children – by coordinating with state and local public service agencies (including parks and recreation departments, and animal food and care services such as Pongo and Paws), veterans' administrations and groups, adults' and seniors' groups (clubs, lodges, fraternal organizations, etc.), retired person's organizations, retirement homes and retirement communities.

6. Education and Schools
Supplement deficiencies and deficits in the provision of education to the youth of the public;
through providing volunteer-based education at agencies offering aid-for-work, through coordinating with cooperative educational institutes, and through restoring use of and developing abandoned school facilities.

7. Child Custody and Protection
Fight for the unity of families and the proliferation of the human species, by combating and reversing the alienation of the proletariat from its biological product (i.e., the next generation); through pursuing parental rights' reforms, including through liberalizing laws allowing and / or mandating the taking of child custody by child protective services for parents failing to meet arbitrary and unreasonable societal standards of adequate and appropriate provision of food, medicine, shelter, housing utilities, and various forms of insurance - as well as for failing to pay off debts and to obey laws against non-violent activities - and through raising awareness of corporate government, corporate citizenship, corporate personhood, Strawman Theory and Capitis Deminutio.

8. Voluntarism in Social Services
Promote the independence, mutualization, and syndicalization of social service bureaucracies, by
diminishing the need for compulsory taxation to fund the administration of the pertinent programs, through promoting volunteering and voluntary giving as solutions to deficiencies and deficits in both public and private social service provision.



V. Reform of the System of Credit to and Development of Business

1. Local Business Development
Promote sustainable improvements to the development of occupied and unoccupied business offices and logistics properties and private-sector landed property, through finance and planning of business and commercial banking at the state and local levels.

2. Social Purpose of Business
Improve the social benefit of trade and commerce by coordinating the activity of sympathetic fair- trade businesses, social-purpose businesses and ventures, social enterprise agencies, profit- and surplus- sharing agencies, benefit corporations, social economy organizations, and enterprises supporting the payment of social dividends.

3. Independent and Cooperative Business Organization
Accede to the re-framing of government as a business in popular political culture; by embracing business-oriented solutions to social problems; through promoting the uplifting of the lower and middle classes through entrepreneurialism and cooperative business organization; by encouraging divestiture of enterprises from non-sympathetic established business alliances and state and local chambers of commerce; by raising awareness about corporate government, citizenship, and personhood; and by coordinating investment and aid between sympathetic Third Sector enterprises.

4. Cooperative and Mutualist Business Investment
Build community business alliances on cooperative and mutualist principles, by choosing cooperative enterprises and mutualist enterprises as members, and promote mutual aid and investment between such enterprises and associations.

5. Coordination Across Stages of Production
Coordinate cooperation between sympathetic enterprises in the various stages and sectors of trade, through partnership with:

a. Producers' and Manufacturers' Groups
(including producers' cooperatives, artists' cooperatives and artisans' guilds, farmers' and agricultural cooperatives, industrial trade and craft unions and guilds, and industrial societies);

b. Retailers' and Trade Groups
(including retailers' cooperatives, cooperative retail and commercial banking institutions, industry trade groups, employers' associations, and cooperative grocery and drug stores);

and

c. Consumers' and Customers' Groups
(including consumers' rights and consumer advocacy agencies, state consumer action networks, customers' and consumers' cooperatives, purchasing cooperatives, and consumer-driven health care cooperatives).

6. Cooperative Business Association
Build business alliances into coalitions thereof, confederations of cooperatives, cooperative wholesale societies, trade associations, and trade confederations; and promote coordination with cooperative corporations (such as those operating on Mondragon and similar models) and the National Cooperative Business Association.



VI. Reform of the System of Rights of Unionized Laborers, Independent Workers, and the Unemployed

1. Egalitarian Workplaces
Promote the proliferation of egalitarian management by labor in enterprise, and the operation of workplaces on cooperativist, mutualist, syndicalist, guild-unionist, and entrepreneurialist principles.

2. Collective Bargaining
Incentivize and encourage the spread of collective bargaining agreements which support the rights
of individual workers; such as members-only collective bargaining, dual-unionism, minority unionism, and other agreements which minimize the risk of free-rider problems in worker representation.

3. Unemployment and Non-Collective Labor
Augment and broaden the provision of workers' and bargaining rights through the creation of homeless persons' and welfare recipients' unions, and through coordinating cooperation between sympathetic unemployed person's unions, freelancers' unions, and groups promoting New Mutualism.

4. Third Sector General Strike
Wage a bipartisan, multipartisan, or non-partisan general strike in order to promote the end of exploitation, to raise awareness of the movement's coalition-building, and to bring about the secession of the Third Sector from the establishment economy (the private-public partnership).




VII. Reform of the Civil and Criminal Justice Systems, and of the Regulation of the Legal Professions

1. Tort Reform and Class Action
Oppose tort reforms which inhibit the rights of juries to award compensation to victims; and take steps to make viable large-scale class-action lawsuits against the beneficiaries of improper government largess, and of corruption in government and business.

2. Non-Violent Crime
Promote the abolition of mandatory minimum sentencing guidelines for non-violent crimes at the state level; repeal and/or liberalize vice laws against alcohol, tobacco, marijuana, and illicit drugs with medicinal uses; and lower and/or remove obstacles to non-violent felons' rights and abilities to find employment, purchase health insurance, travel outside the United States, and vote.

3. Police State
Combat and prevent the spread of tyranny, arbitrary coercion, and disproportionate force in the delivery of police services to the public; through increasing the transparency of police activities to the public (including by urging communities to experiment with affixing surveillance equipment to police offices, vehicles, and uniforms); and through keeping the weapons of war off of the people's streets by passing legislation at the community and state levels which ban the active domestic use of tanks and drones.

4. Rights of the Accused and of Juries
Promote the rights of the accused and of jurors and juries; by supporting a restoration of the civil liberties protected by the Fourth, Fifth, and Sixth Amendments, and an augmentation of the rights of the accused and of Miranda Rights; by increasing awareness of the rights to represent and defend oneself in court, and to an adequate defense, and of plea bargaining; and by discouraging the prosecution of those charged with distributing literature on public grounds which promotes the awareness of juries' rights and jury nullification.

5. Regulation of the Legal Professions
Increase public transparency of the regulation of the legal professions, by pursuing investigation of state and local bar associations, legal guilds, and law enforcers' and other public employees' unions, in order to punish and counteract attempts by the professions to defend attorneys' stature and compensation against the risk of widespread self-defense in court by the accused (including by ending the self-management of the legal professions; preventing the disbarring of licensed attorneys for questioning the propriety of the jurisdiction of courts; increasing transparency into the signing of anti-corruption and constitutional support oaths by judges, prosecutors, and political representatives; and preventing the unfounded dismissal of prospective jurors in voir dire (jury selection processes) for reasons which may stem from prospective jurors' degrees of legal and constitutional knowledge).







For more information, please contact:

Joe Kopsick
Phone: 608-417-9395
E-Mail: jwkopsick@gmail.com





For more entries on banking, the treasury, currency, inflation, and business, please visit:
http://www.aquarianagrarian.blogspot.com/2014/05/response-to-campaign-for-liberty.html

For more entries on employment, unemployment, the minimum wage, and Right-to-Work, please visit:
http://www.aquarianagrarian.blogspot.com/2014/04/right-to-work-laws-and-union-security.html

For more entries on environment and climate change, please visit:
http://www.aquarianagrarian.blogspot.com/2014/05/cap-and-trade-legislation.html

For more entries on justice, crime, and punishment, please visit:
http://www.aquarianagrarian.blogspot.com/2010/10/thrasymachus-support-for-justice-being.html
http://www.aquarianagrarian.blogspot.com/2014/04/social-policies-for-2012-us-house.html

For more entries on land, land reform, and land taxation, please visit:
http://www.aquarianagrarian.blogspot.com/2010/10/case-examination-of-policy-for-natural.html
http://www.aquarianagrarian.blogspot.com/2014/04/sen-cliven-bundy-harry-reid-owes-feds.html

For more entries on enterprise, business, business alliance, and markets, please visit:
http://www.aquarianagrarian.blogspot.com/2010/10/enlightened-catallaxy-reciprocally.html

For more entries on non-profits and charities, please visit:
http://www.aquarianagrarian.blogspot.com/2013/08/anarchist-kindergarten-open-letter-to.html

For more entries on Oregon politics, please visit:
http://www.aquarianagrarian.blogspot.com/2014/05/response-to-campaign-for-liberty.html

For more entries on the social market economy and the third (voluntary) sector, please visit:
http://www.aquarianagrarian.blogspot.com/2014/04/diagram-of-public-private-and-third.html

For more entries on social services, public planning, and welfare, please visit:
http://www.aquarianagrarian.blogspot.com/2014/05/taxpayer-funded-benefits-for.html




For more entries on unions and collective bargaining, please visit:

Monday, October 10, 2011

The Pay-Gap Tax

The Accelerated Graduated Income Ratio Tax Act of 2013 (A.G.I.R.T.A.)


The Accelerated Graduated Income Ratio Tax (A.G.I.R.T.; a/k/a "the Pay-Gap Tax") taxes individuals’ personal income in proportion to the salary of the highest-paid employee of a company divided by the annual income of the average employee of the same company. The tax also takes into account government spending divided by gross domestic product, as well as the average C.E.O.-to-average-worker pay gap in the country.
      Implemented properly, the Pay-Gap Tax replaces the entire tax code of any given government of which it becomes law. The Pay-Gap Tax does not permit deficit spending (if and when administered in conjunction with a Balanced Budget Amendment and / or a Cut, Cap, and Balance law).
      The Pay-Gap Tax has no bracket system, nor exemptions; it is a simple mathematical formula that applies to everyone, and it can be explained through a simple step-by-step process which can be performed on an internet search engine calculator.


How One’s Taxes Are Calculated





How One’s Taxes Are Calculated

      The taxpayer takes the following steps to determine how much he pays in taxes. First, he divides the salary of the highest-paid employee of the company which employs him by the average annual income of the employees of that company. Second, he applies that figure as the degree of the root of the annual government spending as a fraction of the gross domestic product (this figure is provided by the government). Third, he takes the inverse of this result (meaning that he divides 1 by the result). Fourth, he multiplies the result of this calculation to the power of the average C.E.O.-to-average-worker pay-gap ratio (another figure which would be provided by the government).
      While the Pay-Gap Tax - in conjunction with any type of properly-enforced balanced-budget rule - would never permit deficit spending, it ignores the debt that governments already have. So that the Pay-Gap Tax properly serves governments which have accumulated debt, I would recommend that the result of the formula described above be simply multiplied by some fixed or variable amount. This number would take into account how quickly the government would find it appropriate to pay off its debt, as well as the rate of economic growth and the rate of the increase in government spending.



An Example of How the Tax Would Be Applied

      As an example, under this plan, the C.E.O. of Viacom (who - as the highest-paid C.E.O. in the United States - earns over $85 million a year, which is about 1200 times as much as his average employee) would pay about 70% of his taxes to the federal, state, and local governments (combined) which have jurisdiction over his residency or workplace. After taxes, he would take home more than $25 million a year, which he would be able to spend, save, and re-invest.
      Meanwhile, employees of Viacom earning less than the average worker in that company, all other U.S. workers earning less than the pay of their average co-worker, and all workers in egalitarian-pay workplaces (including managers) would pay nothing in taxes. Non-taxpaying workers would continue to comprise a solid basis for the creation of wealth (without which high-paid C.E.O.s would not exist), while reaping their fair share of the benefits of adequately-funded government.



Purposes and Effects

      The Pay-Gap Tax strikes at the root of the disproportionate exploitation of labor by management (such disproportionate exploitation being that which gives capitalism and the free market negative connotations). It solves the utilitarian dilemma of the increase of marginal returns by imposing a tax that diminishes marginal return (simply, by creating a disincentive) for each decision by a business manager to increase profitability for himself and his other relatively well-paid cohorts at the expense of workers.
      The Pay-Gap Tax catalyzes socioeconomic mobility because its graduation rate accelerates (rather than decelerating or stagnating), meaning that there are no barriers preventing the middle-class or the lower upper-class from earning more wealth (as long as that wealth is not earned through the disproportionate exploitation of labor.
      The Pay-Gap Tax – while not being overtly redistributive – effectively redistributes the wealth for management by governments (and by citizens participating in their government processes), that wealth being distributed to citizens in the form of the provision of government services.
      The Pay-Gap Tax is based on levels of governments’ projected spending rather than on their actual budgets, making huge deficits and the indebting of citizens en masse things of the past.



Refutation of Anticipated Criticism

      The proposition of the Pay-Gap Tax will likely draw criticism from Green Party supporters, socialists, and populist and progressive Democrats who would like to see an increase in the outright tax on income, such as the 90% federal tax rate on personal incomes which were levied from the late 1930s until the early 1960s.
      Against such criticism, I would argue that the general earning of wealth through the reasonable exploitation of labor does not negatively impact socioeconomic mobility in any manner similar to the manner in which does the disparity of wealth and pay within whatever given business; that is, to the earning of wealth at the expense of vulnerable individuals who need employment and have no ability to significantly affect the decisions made in their employing companies' payroll departments.
      The proposition of Pay-Gap Tax will likely draw criticism from libertarians and Tea-Party conservatives who oppose the 16th Amendment and its legalization of unapportioned federal taxes.
      Against such criticism, I would argue that unless one advocates abolition of each of the five types of taxes currently collected from the public by the I.R.S. (the personal income tax, employment taxes, the corporate income tax, excise taxes, and transfer taxes such as the gift tax and the estate tax [also referred to as the inheritance tax or the death tax] ) – none of which are apportioned according to population - then one has no basis from which to judge any tax as relying upon the constitutionality of the 16th Amendment.
      In addition to these five types, I would describe as unapportioned - and therefore, in violation of a strict construction of the Constitution - all four of the following proposed methods of collecting federal government revenue: the FairTax on incomes, the Flat Tax on incomes, the National Sales Tax (also known as the Value-Added Tax, or V.A.T.), and the idea of user fees for government services (which is not a tax policy, but a taxless source of government revenue). I also believe that taxes on real and personal property should not be regarded as direct or apportioned.
      There are only two possible tax policies which I believe would satisfy the conditions necessary to be described as truly direct. The first policy is capitation, which I feel would only be acceptable as a direct tax if each person were charged exactly the same amount.  But being that some people have no money, that other people are in debt, and that many people would like to see their government behave as a charity organization which provides services for those who cannot afford them but promise loyalty to government in exchange for some benefit, it would be impossible to impose an equal capitation on everybody. That is, unless that capitation were zero and all government services were provided through volunteer means.



      This brings me to the second possible direct tax policy, which is no taxation at all. I feel that the prospect of administering all government services through volunteer means is a far-off notion, and that it would only be possible if and when the sphere of the provision of services by government were significantly reduced, decentralized, and personalized, and if and when governments become required to compete fairly with private enterprises providing similar services in a free market.
      Therefore, I believe that until that day comes, libertarians who care about balanced budgets and the fiscal solvency of government even one bit more than they value a strict constructionist interpretation of the Constitution should seriously reconsider the validity of the purpose of the 16th Amendment.
      As it can be argued that the 16th Amendment was never properly ratified, I contend that - as one of many necessary means to ensure that Pay-Gap Tax would be constitutional - the 16th Amendment should be deemed unconstitutional by the U.S. Supreme Court, and that the Congress should propose and properly ratify the exact text of the amendment. This would provide that the collection of federal tax revenue according to income in a manner that is not apportioned according to Census results be indisputably constitutional, and it would (while – unfortunately – also legitimizing the eleven indirect methods of collecting federal revenue which I previously outlined) help to legitimize and defend the proposed Pay-Gap Tax.
      So that the Pay-Gap Tax may be best defended, it will help to revisit and rethink our philosophy of government; with regard to its role in economics in particular. We will leave aside the most important principles of a government that embraces liberty, given the complexity of the details of when and how the institution of government is legitimate in the first place (suffice it to say that it involves voluntary participation, the ability to revoke consent, and consistency with the traditions of common contract law).
      Second to these principles, the next most important principle of a government which embraces liberty is the localistic principle. That being said, I regard municipal public planning departments – when and if they are instituted legitimately – as the basic units of government. A public planning department decides who and what exist inside the territory which is deemed to be subject to its jurisdiction, and it decides when, whether, and under what conditions people and businesses existing in that territory but not wishing to contribute to their neighbors continue to live in the community and to reap the benefits of its protection.
      What I am asserting is that public planning departments are private mutual insurance-and-protection corporations which have the right to discriminate against individuals and businesses which would like to use their services.



      As such - being that it would be ridiculous for a business to set up shop in the middle of a desolate, abandoned field which is miles away from public services such as roads, due to the fact that businesses prosper best when they are conveniently located within reasonable distances of areas occupied by concentrated populations of people – if a business would like to begin operation within the boundaries of a territory over which jurisdiction is claimed by some public planning department, not only does the public planning department have the right to negotiate with the business about the conditions under which it may operate within the territory, but – additionally – the public planning department has the final say on the matter, even if that say is that the business may not operate within the territory.
      The result of affecting these principles in conjunction with the proposed Pay-Gap Tax would be that businesses intent on maximizing profit, marketing effectively, and staffing their operations fully would be willing to accept the conditions imposed by the public planning departments exercising jurisdiction over the territories in which such businesses would seek to operate. I believe that to adopt this philosophy of government would be sufficient to defend the A.G.I.R.T. Act, both in general and – especially – as conducive to the free market.
      In the event that C.E.O.s, highly-paid members of corporate boards, and individuals earning more than the pay of their average co-workers begin to relocate their residences and their places of business to desolate, abandoned fields – and to pay exorbitant amounts to have private, non-subsidized, extra-governmental services such as water, liquid and solid waste disposal, fire protection, and protection and security provision – installed in their homes and / or delivered to themselves and their businesses – A.G.I.R.T.A. may have to be amended to require that the taxes be levied according to where income is earned rather than where the individual earning the income resides.
      Another flaw of the Pay-Gap Tax is that it would give governments a simple tool to raise taxes to unjustifiable levels and / or to pay off the debt too rapidly; it could be derided as a so-called "tax pipeline". I would argue that I believe this impulse would be controlled by the political process, but only to the extent to which the public would be aware of the necessity of reviving the economy in a manner that allows a deliberate consideration of the needs of both the stability in economic growth and the timeliness of debt service.



Ensuring Effectiveness

      In order to ensure the maximum effectiveness of A.G.I.R.T.A., citizens should elect representatives who promise to vote to support the S.E.C. Transparency Act of 2010 (H.R. 5970) – which would repeal the amendments made by section 929I of the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act relating to the confidentiality of materials submitted to the Securities and Exchange Commission.
      For the same reason, citizens should also elect representatives who promise to vote to ensure that section 953(b) of Dodd-Frank – which requires the Securities and Exchange Commission to adopt rules mandating the disclosure of the median of the annual total compensation of all employees and the ratio of C.E.O. compensation to median employee compensation – remains law.





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