Showing posts with label Nazism. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Nazism. Show all posts

Wednesday, November 14, 2018

Thoughts on Immigration, Racial Violence, the 2018 Elections, and Jeff Sessions's Exit


     What follows is my reactions to the news of late October and early November 2018, as it relates to American politics; especially to the results of the 2018 midterm elections, the October 27th shooting at the Tree of Life synagogue in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, and whether it was appropriate for now-former Attorney General Jeff Sessions to recuse himself from Robert Mueller's probe concerning possible collusion between the Trump campaign and Russian agents.
     These remarks were prepared for a gathering at a library in Highwood, Illinois, wherein members of the community, mostly senior citizens, meet to discuss current political events, especially in regards to national and international issues.
     These were my responses to those of the moderator's questions which interested me most, and to those questions on which I felt sufficiently qualified to comment. I have omitted additional and secondary questions which the moderator asked, but on which I did not feel a need to make a direct comment.



Topics #1, #2, and #3: The Roots of Political Polarization, and Crises at the Border

Question #1/#2/#3:

     “Political debates today seem more intense because conservatives and liberals are more often starting from different principles.
     ...Democrats who have called for open border policy have fallen silent, as those who want to abolish the Immigration and Customs Enforcement Agency... know that the caravan is not a winning issue for Democrats now. It's not just helpless women and children... Others know if mass illegal immigration is not stopped, then others will follow.
     ...Do you see the left and right coming together, or will they continue talking past one another?
     …The migrants often show up with diseases including contagious ones such as scabies, chicken pox, tuberculosis, typhoid, and leishmaniasis, which must be treated immediately.
     ...Agents at the biggest port of entry from Mexico are overwhelmed by those who seek asylum legally... The backlog will only worsen, as bigger groups are soon to follow.”

Answer #1/#2/#3:

     The “left” and right will start coming together as soon as they stop seeing each other as polar opposites, “left” and “right”. Democrats are not “the Left”; socialists and communists are. Hillary Clinton and Nancy Pelosi have admitted to being for capitalism and against socialism. Obamacare was inspired by two Republican governors (Romney and Pawlenty); it's not socialism.
     Also, Republicans are not the most far-right political ideology that exists; fascists and Nazis are. Democrats and Republicans are not as far apart as some people would have you believe they are. They compromise with each other all the time. Republicans give-in to Democrats' demands to spend more money and grow the government, and Democrats let Republicans impose whatever totalitarian regulation they want, as long as somebody gets free goodies as compensation.
     You ask, “will the left and right sides of the aisle continue talking past one another?” I say that both parties are all too eager to compromise, when it comes to putting all of our human rights and civil liberties on the negotiation table to be voted away at the whim of the narrow majority. Democrats and Republicans don't care about liberty or equality, safety or health, or opportunity; they only care about securing their own power, winning re-elections, and getting paid. The voting public has sent our lawmakers a clear message: get both parties on-board to throw our precious natural freedoms out the window as fast as you can, get both parties on board, and we will continue to send you money and re-elect you in record numbers.
     We can do much better than this, and the first step is to hold Democrats to their progressive ideals (like being skeptical of big government, instead of just calling for more government bureaus that will only end up unaccountable), and to hold Republicans to the ideals of true libertarian-leaning small-government conservatism.
     Equality must guide Democrats, and liberty must guide Republicans, or we will only get more of what we've gotten for the last 170 years of Democratic or Republican control: bigger and more expensive federal government, more wars, and the utter decimation of the precious Bill of Rights, whose liberties so many troops have fought overseas trying to defend.
     I would like to urge libertarians and conservatives to consider the possibility that it is not primarily socialist ideals which cause them to hate Democrats; it's their adoption of Republican legislation, and their embrace of an overly-centralized, top-down government structure in which blue states are effectively deprived of all legal protections against Republican presidents who want to order the states around.
     Libertarians and conservatives, what you dislike about Democrats is their power-hungry nature, and their abandonment of the working class; not the idea that the Democrats embrace the working class too much. Bernie Sanders supporters recognized that Hillary Clinton cares more about Wall Street than Main Street, and they were right to send her the message that their trust has to be earned, not taken for granted.

     The idea that the migrant caravan has anything in it besides people who are in need of freedom and opportunity and the means to survive, is helping to create a wave of xenophobia and anti-immigrant sentiment, that is harming everyone in America who is not a “perfectly” white, Christian, law-abiding citizen, whose grandparents were all born here. Anything “less” than that – even speaking a language besides English, or displaying another country's flag – will always be viewed by a certain segment of Americans as unpatriotic. We can describe this as wrong, and we'd be correct to describe it as wrong, but it is reality.
     Even if some immigrants are bringing guns and drugs into the country, that is no guarantee that they intend to use them, it is no guarantee that they are violent people, and it is no guarantee that they are terrorists. The fear that terrorists are among these refugees is motivated by a desire to claim that these refugees present a military-level threat to the security of this country, which is not true.
     We cannot infer that these immigrants pose a threat, from the simple fact that some of them are military-age males. Being an adult male who is not yet a citizen of the United States, is no guarantee that you are a military-level threat to America. Military-age males have every right to use firearms to protect their families as they try to cross deserts patrolled by drug gangs.
     To be unarmed in such a situation would be downright foolish, and it would show reckless disregard for the safety of one's family. The same can be said about failing to break the law by crossing a border, when any rational person cares more about feeding their starving family, than the need to obey an imaginary line drawn on the ground by men who died centuries ago.
     If Americans want Honduran immigrants to stop coming to America, then Americans should stop re-electing the politicians who supported the 2009 ouster of the democratically-elected liberal Honduran President Manuel Zelaya. American generals reportedly met with Zelaya's opposition shortly before his overthrow, which they apparently did in order to guard against Hugo Chavez's then-growing influence in Latin America.
     We cannot continue the Reagan-Bush foreign policy, of using sanctions and coups and election interference against every Latin American and Muslim-majority country who doesn't bend to our will. This did not stop under Obama, it has not stopped under Trump. As long as we continue to sponsor coups in Latin American and Islamic countries, and provide military support to terrorist groups that are undermining the stability of democratically elected regimes (which have every right to represent the interests of their own people, not necessarily Americans' interests), then their people will come here.
     We need to stop giving them a reason to hate us. Blowing up their infrastructure and deposing their governments has only caused blowback for the United States the whole 65 years we've been trying it, and to continue this foolish policy will only result in more unintended consequences. It will cause more immigrants who hate us to come here, while the immigrants who like us will be stuck in their own countries, dying from American bombs while they're defending the sovereign governments they voted into power, but which had to be destroyed because they refused to sell their own people out to American financial and geopolitical interests.
     I know I criticized Ronald Reagan a moment ago, but he was right about one thing: the time he admitted that Americans are foolish to think they can understand, and plan around, the irrationality of Middle East politics. Reagan had this to say on the matter: “Perhaps we didn't appreciate fully enough the depth of the hatred and the complexity of problems that made the Middle East such a jungle. Perhaps the idea of a suicide car bomber committing mass murder to gain instant entry to Paradise was so foreign to our own values and consciousness that it did not create in us the concern for the Marines' safety that it should have. In the weeks immediately after the bombing [in Beirut, Lebanon in 1983], I believe the last thing that we should do was turn tail and leave. Yet the irrationality of Middle Eastern politics forced us to rethink our policy there. Is there would be some rethinking of policy before our men die, we would be a lot better off. If that policy had changed towards more of a neutral position, and neutrality, those 241 Marines would be alive today.” I just wish that he had realized it sooner, and I wish that he had taken that lesson of not intervening in countries you don't understand, and applied that lesson to the countries that he and George Bush Sr. helped destroy; Honduras, Bolivia, Argentina, Brazil, Uruguay, and Suriname.
     To quote a man named Orlando Battista, “An error is not a mistake until you refuse to correct it.” To stop this disastrous foreign policy is not to admit defeat; not of the American military, not of the American way of life, not of our liberties. The only outcome of reversing our belligerent foreign policy – which naively assumes that we can just boss people around, and steal and bomb their stuff, until we get our way - will be fewer American soldiers dying for no reason (other than to serve as cannon fodder for the financial and geopolitical interests of their masters who started these pointless wars and coups in the first place).
     Ceasing to interfere in countries we know nothing about, will in no way make it more difficult for us to rescue threatened peoples in other countries when they ask Americans for help. The way you help people like that, is not to put more weapons into the hands of militant groups in their country who want to destroy both the duly elected government and terrorize the general populace into submission.

     If people are coming into the U.S. with communicable diseases, then they should be treated, cured, and allowed in as soon as they're better, not turned away simply because they're sick. Part of the reason why some immigrants come here is due to America's high quality of medical care. I hope that teams of doctors are headed to the border; they will really need those doctors once I.C.E. decides to shoot a bunch of non-violent immigrants for walking across an imaginary line in the sand.
     The fear of disease has been used for generations to justify excluding refugees. Since the 1930s, in regards to immigrants from Mexico, for example. In the 1930s, even until years after the typhus outbreak had ended in Mexico, immigrants entering at the El Paso / Ciudad Juarez port of entry were subjected to harsh, noxious, even toxic chemicals, as a way to rid them of lice and typhus. One of the chemicals used against these immigrants included Zyklon-B, which just a decade later was used by the Nazis to “exterminate” Jewish people and other so-called “undesirables”. Anyone wishing to learn more about this, can look up the term “Bath Riots” in any library card catalog or internet search engine.
     The idea that most immigrants are probably carrying some disease, almost always comes along with the idea that immigrants are a disease. Hitler compared Jewish people to rats and parasites, in the same way that wealthy conservatives call poor people parasites because they're having difficulty supporting themselves. Additionally, Hitler compared Judaism, Marxism, and Bolshevik communism to cancers and tumors and diseases.
     This is textbook dehumanization. Comparing Jewish people to parasites who need to be “exterminated” is just another example. But assuming that Hispanic immigrants might be carrying intestinal parasites, or avian flu or swine flu – or to call them all rapists, dogs, animals, sub-human, filth, or to call mixed-race people (even ourselves) "mongrels" and "mutts" - is to reduce human beings to the level of animals and parasites. That is exactly what Nazis did to the peoples they perceived as their political and racial enemies.
     We must learn the lessons of the Holocaust. One of those lessons is that we should be careful not to echo the Nazi rhetoric of dehumanization. History shows us that if you dehumanize people, or even just call them “barbaric” (or assume they're uncivilized just because they're not as industrially advanced as we are), then there's no telling what horrors you might be willing to inflict on them, and excusing it based on the idea that they're not human, so it's OK for them to suffer treatment worthy of dogs. If you use dehumanizing rhetoric, then eventually someone will claim that you are less than human, and use that idea to try to treat you like an animal or a parasite or a disease.
     As the story goes, “They came for the trade-unionists, and I did not speak out, because I was not a trade-unionist. Then they came for the socialists... and I did not speak out... then they came for the Jews. ...Then they came for me, and there was nobody left to speak out for me.” Whether legal or illegal; Jewish or Arab or Hispanic; born in America, or just the son of an immigrant; I would like to see everyone who is not a perfectly white Christian law-abiding citizen, unite, to say “We tolerate each other's differences, we agree to disagree, and we won't submit to the fascists' plan to force us all to assimilate to a hyper-patriotic, racist culture that obeys all laws even unto the pain of death.
     We all know immigrants who we love. Some of your parents might have even come here illegally, and I don't blame them for doing that; just because it's against the law, doesn't mean that it's wrong. Some of you might have even known someone who was on the U.S.S. St. Louis (the ship full of Jewish refugees), and they learned first-hand what America does when it thinks it has no obligation to accept refugees. It turns them away, hoping that some other country will deal with the problem; and then 50 to 80 years later it elects Bush Sr. and Bush Jr., the son and grandson of Nazi war profiteer Prescott Bush, who represented German industrialist Fritz Thyssen's American interests, while Thyssen was also funding slave labor camps in East Germany (under the guise of making investments in steel and synthetic rubber, and the like). Some of those camps were converted into death camps after the inmates were worked nearly to death.
     Those who do not learn from history will be doomed to repeat it. As a student of history, I cannot stand idly by while listening to the children of Holocaust survivors make excuses for the Mussolini admirer Donald Trump, and promote an openly fascist, exclusionary, white nationalist ideology, apparently because they think that will spare them the hatred of American white Christian racists who make no special exception for Jewish people in their hatred of everyone who isn't like them.


Topic #4: New Rules Planned for Asylum Seekers

Question #4:

     “...The Trump Administration is moving ahead with a plan to limit when and where foreign nationals can apply for asylum at the U.S. border with Mexico.
     ...The administration will publish a new rule aimed at pushing asylum seekers to already crowded border crossings and deny the opportunity to apply for asylum nearly all immigrants caught crossing the border illegally.
     ...Critics said the rule oversteps the president's legal authority to change immigration law...
     ...What are your thoughts and comments concerning the immigrants, the caravans seeking asylum, and the crises at our border?”


Answer #4:
     The second paragraph of the introduction to this issue says it all: “The administration will publish a new rule aimed at pushing asylum seekers to already crowded border crossings and deny the opportunity to apply for asylum nearly all immigrants caught crossing the border illegally.”
     What this says to me is that the Trump Administration wants to make it harder for people to get in legally (by imposing new limitations on where and when people can apply for asylum). They are doing nothing to make good on their promise to make it easier for people to come in legally.
     And if they're “pushing asylum seekers to already crowded border crossings”, then they're pretty much inviting them to those crowded border crossings, which they will most likely cross illegally, which they're doing because they've been wandering through the desert desperate for food and water, not because they hate America.
     The Trump Administration wants to make it harder to come in illegally. This effectively pressuring immigrants to come in illegally, because that's the only other realistic alternative (besides returning to a country where they're virtually assured to die at the hands of drug gangs). This policy will only funnel them to those ports of entry, where American officials can round them up and deport them more efficiently and quickly. But choking an entry port with illegal immigrants is also going to result in more bloodshed and violence at the border, because we're not focusing on creating a simple path to citizenship that isn't humiliating, invasive, or which orders immigrants to check their language, their flag, and their culture at the door to the country, and abandon their identity on the way in.
     The Trump Administration is raising and changing its standards for no reason and with little notice. Immigrants sometimes wait as long as several decades to get into this country. Just as it did during World War II, America now has immigration quotas that it's not fulfilling, even though these people are fleeing real threats and totalitarian governments (some of which America has supported). Tens of thousands of Syrian civilians died in 2016, America had room for several thousand from that country, yet we let in only eleven people from that war-ravaged country. A country whose sovereign government our government is trying to ouster, which risks throwing his people into the hands of I.S.I.S. and other extremist groups.
     The inscription at the foot of the Statue of Liberty specifically says that “wretched refuse” (that is, human garbage, human filth, trash, etc.) is welcome on our shores. No human being is garbage, but Lady Liberty accepts anyone and everyone who is unfortunate enough to be called garbage, and who gets dehumanized in this way. I want “human garbage” to feel more accepted in America than control-freak racist Nazi sympathizers who want to dehumanize others. If that makes me unpatriotic, then so be it.
     When I see my president making people feel pressured to return to their old countries, while also depriving them of the means to do so - by making it harder for them to leave or enter, by making it hard for them to earn a decent wage so they can afford the trip, and by limiting their rights to work and travel – it reminds me of the steps that Hitler took to trap non-Germans in his country while taunting them with the illusion that they were free to leave at any time. They weren't.
     I urge anyone who suspects that some of my concerns are valid, to speak to any immigrants they have in their family. Go to them, find out whether your parents and grandparents have ever renounced their eligibility to claim citizenship in their former nations. Photocopy their foreign birth certificates, and their proof of American citizenship. You may need this information once Donald Trump decides to deport everybody whose ancestors came here after 1920, or everybody whose parents or immigrants, or whatever he's planning.
     I know that I'm young, and young people exaggerate, and I shouldn't compare other events to the Holocaust because I risk trivializing that event by comparing it to something else. But as a student of history, and as someone who is pretty good at detecting patterns, I am saying all this because I want to prevent a potential humanitarian catastrophe from becoming as bad as the Holocaust. The more that Jewish people say “Obey the law” and “Just come in illegally”, the more they will excuse the idea that the government and the police are always right, even when they're being run by openly racist people with totalitarian goals.
     I happen to know two police officers who live in my area, both of whom are around retirement age, whom I overheard discussing Hitler's rationale for eliminating Jewish people, I believe, talking about it as if it were a good thing, or at least a reasonable one. “Sympathetic” would not be an inappropriate word to describe what I heard. I believe that in most places in America, the kinds of people who become police officers are usually the ones who are excited to find excuses to beat up non-whites, whom have unfortunately been impoverished and discriminated against by our society into a state of having little alternatives to heavily regulated legal work, other than to resort to stealing to make ends meet, and sometimes even to violence in order to get away with that theft. Make no mistake, there are Nazi sympathizers in the police force, even in blue states.
     Additionally, the fact that Trump's actions, such as this one, are routinely criticized as overstepping his authority as president, and overstepping the bounds of the Constitution, proves that Trump has no respect for the rule of law, or our system of checks and balances. For Donald trump to say that police should take people's guns away, and then “go through due process”, is an affront to American values and the American way of life, much more than any immigrant could ever be, no matter how many drugs, guns, or diseases he has on him. Donald Trump is the last person in the world who should be lecturing other people about the need to obey the law.


Topic #5: The Exit of Jeff Sessions

Question #5:
     “...Jeff Sessions, the departing attorney general, leaves as gracious as ever, and doesn't regret his controversial recusal.
     ...Mr. Sessions's conservative critics argued that he should have investigated misuse of surveillance warrants to spy on former Trump campaign adviser Carter Page and the FISA Court warrants that allegedly were gotten illegally to wiretap him by the FBI. His recusal compromised his leadership of the department and made it harder to exert supervision over the FBI.
     ...Did Jeff Sessions bring on his own demise by recusing himself from supervising Mr. Mueller's Russian collusion probe?”

Answer #5:
     I don't agree with all of Jeff Sessions's views; particularly race relations or marijuana legalization. But I have to commend him for recusing himself from the Russian collusion probe, since he would have stood to directly benefit if such collusion happened. I do not claim to know for sure whether such collusion occurred.
     I agree with those who say Sessions was right to recuse himself, but I also agree with those who say he should have investigated the alleged spying on Carter Page. I wouldn't vote for Sessions to be president, but I believe that we need more public officials who are not willing to lie and cheat and break the law in order to make their party or their president look good.
     Sessions may not be a perfect servant of Trump, but disagreement in the executive branch is a sign of freedom and healthy disagreement. It might make America look unstable, but if you read the Tao Te Ching, you'll know that if you're too stable and unwavering, then you become brittle and stiff, and you break, instead of being and being pliable and amenable to change.
     Sessions is putting ethics ahead of his own need to advance his career. Additionally, he is putting the public's need for a fair, impartial investigation, ahead of his fidelity to the people who want to pretend they gave him his job. But Trump didn't give him his job; the American people did, in the form of the United States Senate. Sessions is showing more loyalty to the American people and due process of law than he is showing to the president, and for good reason: the American people are the ones who are paying his salary. Trump just wants to take credit.
     Sessions knows that he is not perfect, and that a certain segment of voters will always need him to prove that he is trustworthy. His recusal was his way of saying, “Hey, I'm playing by the same rules as everybody else. Nobody is above the law; not me, not the president, not anybody.” I'm infinitely more concerned about whether Sessions did enough to investigate the new administration, than I am about whether he is loyalty to a president for whom I have no respect (because he has no respect for me, nor for the rule of law).


Topic #6: Will it Be Gridlock for the Republicans for the Next Two Years After the Split Congress?

Question #6:
     “Divided power in Washington means two years of policy gridlock where new bills and anti-growth policies will not pass.
     ...As for policy, Mr. Trump will need Mrs. Pelosi to pass NAFTA 2.0, raise the debt ceiling, and negotiate a budget. She will try to extract policy concessions, such as tax increases to pay for public works.
     ...Your thoughts about what's in store for the next two years for both parties?”

Answer #6:
     “With a Republican-dominated Senate and a Democrat-controlled House, this means that Trump will continue to have little to no obstacles to his judicial appointments. It also means that we'll see Trump vetoing a lot of legislation that the Democratic House will propose.
     I predict that this will lead to two things: 1) even more controversial Supreme Court picks over the next two summers, which will result in waves of protest (most likely over either social issues or health policy), and 2) more partisan political squabbles over “the power of the purse” (that is, the spending power, which the Democrats now control).
     I believe that the push for Pelosi to be reinstated as Speaker of the House – as well as the push for Hillary Clinton to run again in 2020 (as well as Joe Biden, for that matter) – will continue, full steam ahead. And this, despite obvious indicators that the Democratic Party is moving to the left, despite indicators that their leaders' open embrace of Wall Street and capitalism is turning-off young people, and turning-off workers who live in the Rust Belt states (which voted for Obama and Sanders, but picked Trump over Clinton).
     Believe it or not, there is a way to balance the budget, increase revenues, reduce taxes, and promote growth without promoting destruction of the environment, all at the same time. It's called Land Value Taxation. Have all levels of government work together to make sure local governments aren't squeezing so much out of their residents in property taxes that there's no tax money left over for the “higher” levels of government (state and federal).
     Do that, simplify the tax code, and legally mandate balanced budgets. If the lawmakers can't balance the budget, then fire them, cut their pay, cut their pensions, cut their benefits, and impose term limits. Between 90 and 98 percent of congressmen are re-elected; only drastic measures like the ones I have mentioned will do anything to hold them accountable to the people they supposedly represent.
     Land Value Taxation will provide people freedom of opportunity, without giving them handouts. It will help make government more local, and more often voluntary, while devolving most decisions to the communities they impact the most. It is a way to fund government that does not involve stealing from taxpayers solely in order to funnel that money into already well entrenched business elites, based on the idea that that will help create jobs for the taxpayers from whom they have just stolen. Finally, Land Value Taxation will, most importantly, provide a way to promote jobs and productivity, without putting the environment or the bottom lines of the working poor at risk.
     If we want the working poor to survive, we need to stop taxing people who live below the poverty line, we need to stop giving their money to “job-creators” who are already rich and don't need that money, and we need to stop pretending that it's fine for their bosses to make 500 times as much as they do, while there are people working forty hours a week or more, yet still have to resort to seeking government assistance just to make ends meet. The existence of a social safety net may feel like a comfort and a consolation, but the existence of the social safety net only makes employers feel OK with giving their workers less than they need to survive, because they assume that the government will always fill-in the gaps. Even now, Republicans are working to dismantle that social safety net, mistakenly interpreting each new person thrown off of Food Stamps as a success, because the administration assumes that the person must be off nutritional assistance now, because they probably no longer need it. It is an understatement to say that that is not always the case.

     I fully expect Nancy Pelosi to be elected Speaker, and I expect a NAFTA 2.0 and another debt ceiling increase, and I think that all of those things are bad ideas. The Democrats will propose only those bills which they know the Republicans will support; that is, the ones which increase the president's war budget, increase the amount of money spent on Wall Street, increase the amount which can be spent on relief for farmers (essentially as an apology for Trump's tariff strategy, which predictably failed, and predictably resulted in demands from other industries to be subsidized).
     If the Democratic Party insists on destroying itself, I will not stop it. Nancy Pelosi sent a clear message to me in 2006 when she vowed not to pursue George W. Bush on impeachment, just as she has sent a clear message that she will not pursue Trump for impeachment. Trump, who openly flaunts the rule of law. George W. Bush, the grandson of a war profiteer, and who started two unconstitutional wars, not authorized by the people through the Congress, against two countries that had not attacked the United States.
     Pelosi refused to impeach Bush, whose invasion of Iraq resulted in the use of weaponized depleted uranium on the people of Fallujah, resulting in mutations such as babies being born with one eye in the center of their heads. Bush deserves to pay for his war crimes, and Nancy Pelosi is sending a clear message that Trump's Mussolinian fascism, and Bush's Nazi war profiteer past, are perfectly welcome in the Land of the Free, Home of the Brave, which fought in a coalition to stop Hitler and Mussolini from conquering the world.
     I became a Libertarian the year after the Democrats retook the House in 2006, the year Pelosi said that Bush would get a free pass. I could no longer call myself a Democrat, not even a progressive one. The Bill of Rights mattered to much for me, even at the age of 19. I knew then that what both parties were doing was wrong, and I still feel that way.
     I refuse to vote for state or national -level candidates of either party, until their leadership does something to show that they are unwilling to compromise with Republicans on issues like unlimited handouts for Wall Street, assimilation of immigrants, unreasonable immigration restrictions, unwarranted wiretaps and domestic surveillance of citizens, the militarization of local police departments through the use of drones and tanks on our streets, and the continued criminalization of a harmless drug (the non-violent possession of which currently claims one million incarcerated people who could be out taking care of their families and creating jobs for people).
     These are all issues which Democrats have been all too happy to help Republicans implement, as long as the Democrats get a small rider that guarantees them some imaginary, temporary, probably unfunded goodies that distract them from the need to have a society that respects people regardless of their ability to fill out form after form to beg the government for permission to exercise control over their own property, their own households, and their own lives.


Topic #7: The Price of Medicare for All, or Bernie-Care

Question #7:
     “...Medicare for “All”... would finance health care through taxes instead of insurance premiums, deductibles and co-pays. ...As in every socialist system, the real “savings” would come from the price controls and wait lists for many health care services. ...Get in line... which may take a year or more. ...Single-payer represents a big threat, and insurers are far too entrenched in Congress to lose the battle... Your thoughts and comments re: “Medicare for All”?”

Answer #7:
     ObamaCare is not socialist-inspired legislation; it was inspired by the health policies of Republican governors Tim Pawlenty and Mitt Romney (when it was called PawlentyCare and RomneyCare).
     “Price controls” alone do not necessarily indicate a socialist. The Nazis imposed price controls too. In fact, they did it under the guise of socialism. They called it “war socialism”. War socialism is not real socialism, just like the “national socialism” term used by the Nazis was a trick designed to dupe socialists into believing that they wanted equality. The only people they wanted equality or freedom for was the German people, they left a full 20% of their society out of their “socialist” dream.
     To call price controls “socialist” - whether you mean it as a good thing or a bad thing – effectively amounts to giving-in to, and agreeing with, the Nazi propaganda that price controls are representative of what a socialist economy is supposed to look like.
     Command-and-control economics is what defined both the Soviet Union and the Nazis. They both had price controls. They both imposed rationing in order to make efficient use of materials to support the war effort. Guess what... so did the United States! We had rationing and price controls here too. I do not support single-payer health care, nor do I support price controls. But you cannot criticize price controls as socialist, when if you knew anything about socialism, you would know that most socialists would eventually like to abolish the need for pricing and money in the first place. If they succeed, then price controls won't be viewed as necessary. Socialists have no reason to support a monetary and pricing system that they believe only serves to impose a state of destitution and inequality upon them.

     We live in a capitalist system with a large social safety net, not a socialist system. No matter how large the social safety net is, the mere fact that it is large does not make it socialist, as long as private property ownership still exists and is fully legal, and, at that, protected and insured with the help of the government. The mere fact that ObamaCare still exists, should not be taken as proof that we live in a socialist country. The essence of socialism is either worker control, or democratic decision-making, or inclusion of all of society in the decision-making. ObamaCare was pushed through without regard as to whether it was constitutional, affordable, beneficial to workers, or whether it was even a public option or a single-payer proposal in the first place. The mere fact that it is a “public works” does not prove that it is worker-controlled, or that it operates in the interest of the broadest swath of society that our lawmakers could manage to consult.
     If we had a socialist health system, then the profit incentive in health insurance would completely cease to exist. I'm not a socialist, but I think it should cease to exist; there are non-profit charities and humanitarian organizations that could step in to fund health insurance for the poor, without inviting the government to get involved, and rob all of us to pay for it. I also believe that government is pressuring us into choosing for-profit forms of insurance, because non-profits don't have to pay taxes, so the more people choose non-profit health providers, the less tax revenue the government gets from taxing the profits of the health industry. The way the government is being run right now, the government has literally no incentive to help people afford health care and health insurance. That's because if you solve that problem, you eliminate the artificial need for the existence of the branch of government that pretends to solve that problem but does nothing about it.
     Nobody wanted ObamaCare, it had to be forced on us, through what is openly being called the individual mandate. It is mandatory. It's force. It's a bailout of the private insurance companies, in the name of socialism. Single-payer will give us more of the same thing, except it will be more confusing, because all the money will be lumped together into one pool, so Democrats will depict every attempt to save those funds and spend them wisely, as an attempt to lower the total amount being spent, which they will characterize as robbery, even when it is done out of a genuine concern for the fiscal stability of the country. Democrats have stooped to this same irrational, emotionally manipulative fear-mongering, and I hope that Democratic voters will not continue to fall for it.
     The social safety net is something that the capitalist system gives to workers, to make them satisfied with the condition of servitude that they're in, and to make them satisfied with capitalism. They do this in hopes that this will eventually cause far-left Democrats to call for socialism, because the social safety net isn't doing a good enough job. ObamaCare is not socialism; it's a capitalist tool designed to get people to stop complaining, to stop wanting a better quality of life for themselves and their children, to stop asking to be treated equally at the hospital just because they can't afford to pay (even though doctors take oaths to treat people regardless of their ability to pay).

     Doctors and patients alike are increasingly realizing that health insurance companies are middlemen, who get in the way of the efficiency, equality, and confidentiality of the doctor-patient relationship. The same could be said about our government, which orders us to buy that health insurance, and then pretends like that's going to help them lower prices, instead of just jack-up the premiums every year while demanding more and more taxpayer bailouts.
     People who are sick don't need health insurance, they need health care. Just like a person whose house is on fire doesn't need fire insurance, they need someone to put out the fire. It does no good to insure against something that has already happened, so being pressured to buy insurance after the problem has already appeared is just an unnecessary expense that distracts from the real problem.
     Insuring anything only serves to convince people that they can be as reckless as they want with it, and that government and the taxpayers will always foot the bill to compensate for whatever thoughtless thing people want to do with their bodies, or their cars, or their guns. This creates a culture of irresponsibility, and needlessly welcoming the insurance industry and insurance legislation into our lives.
     Anyone who wants the government to force all American citizens to pay into the same insurance pool, should be wary that they may be welcoming other people to control their health decisions, based on the idea that they're paying for it, so they get a say in the matter. We can have an egalitarian health system without resorting to redistribution; all we have to do is let people know it's not OK to be pressured into making economic decisions that benefit solely other people, and having free choice in health care and insurance markets, not corporate welfare for the already wealthy insurers and pharmaceutical companies, paid for through legalized theft from taxpayers.


Topic #8: Anti-Semitism “Appears to Be Intensifying” in the U.S.

Question #8:
     “...The Anti-Defamation League [reported a] 57% increase in anti-Semitic incidents from the previous year. ...many synagogues and Jewish day schools have been amping up security measures. ...What do you think is contributing to the increase of anti-Semitism, not just in the U.S. but also around the world?”

Answer #8:
     I think that one of the chief contributing causes of anti-Semitism in recent years, has been the increase in acceptability of the hatred of other ethnic minorities. I feel that Trump and his loyalists have been stoking the flames of xenophobia, and hatred of immigrants, since his campaign began. They have created an environment where questioning people's loyalty to this country is always acceptable, in which nobody has the right to speak their own native language without having to undergo extreme, invasive measures to prove to police that they are not foreign spies.
     Frankly, I would be missing something if I neglected to mention that the Democrats have made it easier for Republicans to hate on immigrants, with the Democrats' demonization of all things Russian (almost as if to re-ignite the Red Scare which the Republicans started 55 years ago), and with their mockery of Trump's German last name. This is a desperate attempt by the Democrats to seem patriotic, but they're just stoking nationalistic hatred against all Russians and Germans by doing these things. The Democrats should not be complimented just for choosing to hate white nations for no good reason instead of non-white nations.
     In a sense, it was only a matter of time before the wave of anti-immigrant sentiment came to envelop Jewish people in addition to other ethnic minorities. Indeed, I believe that Robert Bowers (the alleged shooter at the Tree of Life Synagogue in Pittsburgh) did what he did because he believed – to repeat, he believed this, not me - that Tree of Life and H.I.A.S. (the Hebrew Immigrant Aid Society) were part of a vast Jewish-Arab-Hispanic conspiracy to disobey American law, flood America with immigrants, and have Jewish Democrat politicians tempt Donald Trump away from true conservatism.
     Aside from that shooting, and in general, I believe that the main reason Jewish people are being chosen as targets is because it's no longer acceptable in America – at least while in the company of the 51% of us who are Republicans - to be anything less than a white Christian conservative American citizen with a full-time job, wealthy, and in perfect standing with the law, who additionally sucks up to the power elite. So obedient to the law, some of them, that they will not even consider violating the law, or orders, even when it violates their conscience. You could call that a patriot, but patriot or not, it's also a psychopath, because psychopaths have no conscience (nor empathy, for that matter).
     Many of these people openly embrace, and often promote, the idea that a person who obeys authority is somehow “protected” by God, even if they die, even if they do something wrong in the process. Some steadfast Christians who are control freaks – I repeat, some; not all of them, just the worst of them - are so willing to believe that all orders come from God, that they are willing to encourage people to become victims, tell them that they're protected and safe, allow them to die, and take credit for pretending to help them.
     As much as I support many of the principles in the Constitution, I have to agree with those who have said that our Constitution has been powerless to prevent the chain of excesses and abuses of power which have allowed this to happen. The Constitution has failed to sufficiently limit the power of the president, and the last fifty years of history have shown us that our Congress will needlessly hand its duly-delegated powers over to the president, even when the president isn't asking for that much power (Note: I'm referring to Richard Nixon's veto of the War Powers Resolution, which was overridden).
     We the voters, and our foolish faith in the Constitution, have allowed this racist psychopath to take over our airwaves; have allowed this despotic president to whip us all into a race-baiting, war-mongering frenzy of calling the cops on our neighbors, instead of banding together against him in the name of embracing and respecting each other's differences, which is not only our last chance at social cohesion, but maybe also the survival of the planet.
     We should be arming ourselves and providing for the security and well-being of our families, not obsessing over what some idiotic billionaire casino owner who likes to fire people - who can't get by without stealing from all 320 million of us at once – is going to order us to do next. We are free individuals, freedom is all you need to fight a successful revolution, and a free individual does not wait around playing guessing games about what we could do to make the president less mad at us, as if all 320 million of us belong in jail, instead of him.
     Donald Trump and his loyalists are making people of all kinds, cultures, heritages, and religions feel unwelcome in this country. No matter whether they were born here, no matter if they did come in legally (because white people can still get away with calling the cops on Puerto Ricans who wave the flag of Puerto Rico, which is U.S. territory, not a foreign nation). My grandmother was born in Italy and she doesn't know where her Social Security card is. This terrifies me, as someone who sees Trump saying things that I last heard coming out of the mouths of Mussolini and Hitler. I believe that if Trump gets to revoke birthright citizenship and repeal the 14th Amendment, then the next step will be to revoke the citizenship of people whose parents or grandparents weren't born here. And that includes the vast majority of us.
     Many people in this country will never stop seeing Jewish people as foreigners, as non-white, as rejecting Jesus. Many people in this country will continue to blame Jewish people for killing Jesus, or even to doubt the loyalty of Jewish people because they suspect that they might have more loyalty to the State of Israel than to the United States. It is unfortunate that there are so many racists in America. But wishing that this were not so, does not absolve us of the responsibility to take adequate preparations for the possible scenario of anti-Semitic pogroms, possibly even including racist or Nazi-sympathetic elements of the police (rogue police or not).
     I hope that more Jewish people will consider doing what Israelis have done to protect their own security interests: arm most citizens. I do not think that a draft is necessary to achieve that, but I do hope to see more Jewish Americans come to value their right to bear arms. I feel the same way about liberals, Democrats, and ethnic and religious minorities of all kinds who think that Democratic gun control measures are going to stop racists from targeting them. If the Republicans can win an election and change who's allowed to have a gun, they're going to take guns away from everyone who's not a solid white Christian patriot.
     I would like to urge Jewish Americans to join the interest group J.P.F.O. (Jews for the Preservation of Firearms Ownership). That group aims to spread the message that Senator Chris Dodd Sr. helped spearhead the modern call for increased gun control legislation back in the mid 20th century, when he evidently took inspiration from the Nazi model of gun control. The Nazis, by the way, curtailed the right of non-Germans to travel, but curtailed less the right of Germans to travel, to make it seem fair. They also increased restrictions on the Jews' right to bear arms, while loosening restrictions on ethnic Germans' right to bear arms; do not allow yourself to be fooled by those who claim that Germany had a general loosening of restrictions. That loosening only applied to Germans.
     I am a Libertarian. I embrace free market ideals. I am open to conservative and right-wing ideas, as long as they are conducive to freedom and independence. But I simply cannot endorse the idea that continuing to obey authority, or obey the law, is going to make it any easier for us. You – immigrant or not, Jewish or not - are being given a choice again between being peacefully murdered, violently murdered, or fighting your way free.
     If I were to go back to Nazi Germany, and tell Jewish people under Nazi rule, that they ought to “respect authority”, and “do what the police say, and they won't mess with you too much”, who would I be talking about? I would be encouraging people to obey Nazis. You may wish to call them “Nazi sympathizers dressed in police uniforms”, but that describes a literal Nazi as well. I don't wish to help order people into death camps. Distrust of authority is healthy, and if an authority is responsible and duly authorized, then it should be able to survive answering a few questions before it resorts to violence and brutal repression (including of people who are just trying to find out what horrible things their tax money is being spent on).
     Your legislatures and your police forces have been taken over by Nazi sympathizers who don't respect your individual right to defend yourself, because they want to pretend it threatens national security, instead of just threatening their power to control you; to order you to work yourself to death or else fuck-off out of the country. Do not trust the police to protect you, and do not let your children grow up thinking that the police, or the president, are always right.
     No state can be trusted to protect Jewish people. How many dozens of European countries have banned Jewish people at one time or another over the centuries? Plenty of Jewish people have gone on to be anarchists: Noam Chomsky, Emma Goldman, Alexander Berkman. Ludwig von Mises and Murray Rothbard, Jewish libertarians, admitted that we could live without the state.
     Jewish people are under no obligation to obey the law unto the pain of death. They are not now, and they were not under Nazi rule. Jewish law obligates Jewish people to defend themselves, and there have been midrashim written which interpret Jewish law as meaning that when G-d made the covenant with the Jewish people, He also commanded them to obey the laws of their host nations, but additionally commanded all the nations of the world to refrain from treating the Jews in a harsh or unreasonable manner. Jewish Americans, just like any other people in America, have every right to arm themselves, and even to disobey laws that seriously violate their conscience. But it is getting increasinly difficult to do both of those things, and I blame politicians who support gun control and support increased restrictions on free speech and freedom of the press.
     Peaceful disobedience of unjust laws founded this country at the Boston Tea Party. That tradition continued with the Reverend Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.. Today, the Libertarian Party wholly embraces the peaceful disobedience of laws that violate one's personal conscience. But free people are under no obligation to remain “peaceful” in the face of constant threats and provocations.


     Being in America does not obligate you to be a mouthpiece for American fascism and racism, nor for the anti-immigrant sentiment and xenophobia whose spread helps make these things seem normal by comparison. You do not have to hate on illegal immigrants just because you had the patience and the money and the connections to come in legally, and they didn't. You have no right to close the door on refugees when American immigration quotas from countries with humanitarian catastrophes are being nowhere near fulfilled; humanitarian catastrophes which our country is partly to blame for. That hatred is coming back to bite Jewish Americans in the ass, because they are unfortunate enough to be in America at the height of a race-baiting epidemic, when racists hate all kinds of immigrants, and don't care enough to distinguish which ones are Jewish and which ones are not.
     Last year, a racist put a piece of pork on the handle of a doorway of a Muslim mosque. Should we assume that, just because this man targeted Muslims instead of Jews, that he is above perpetrating the same type of vandalism upon a synagogue, to mock the Jews for their dietary restrictions in the same way? How hard do you think it would be to get Donald Trump to pay the legal bills of anybody who leaves a piece of pork on the doorstep of a mosque? If he did that, how much would you be willing to bet that if someone vandalized a synagogue with pork the next day, Trump would pretend he had nothing to do with creating the environment that said it's perfectly acceptable to treat religious minorities that way.
     Twenty or thirty years ago in New York City, a Hasidic Jewish man was attacked by a racist for speaking Yiddish or Hebrew on his cell phone. Racists don't care what language you're speaking, they just want to attack you if it's not English (or German, or whatever language they want to force people to speak).
     I want all people in America to feel free to use their native language, and practice any part of their religion that doesn't directly call for violence against non-believers (and all three Abrahamic faiths do that, just in different amounts). But ethnic and religious minorities should keep in mind that some people may want to hurt them for doing it, and that the police will not always be nearby to rush to their defense. They might even think that they have more important things to do. Sometimes the cops even defend anti-racist protesters from gangs of white racist thugs. The cops get a free pass for this, because some people are foolish enough to label all anti-racist protesters as belonging to “Antifa”, which people pretend is a terrorist group, rather than the only people who are actively engaging openly racist white people in overt warfare (which is what racists deserve).
     The police care much more about getting paid, than doing their job. They cannot even be held legally responsible for failing to protect anyone who doesn't directly pay them for that protection. The police are, in effect, a mafia, which has legalized its own crimes, and turned its documentation of its own crimes into a basis for law. The police do not care about keeping individuals safe from harm, especially not if it's a small minority of people whom they could easily stand to lose without risking too much of their paycheck.
     Individuals must remain well-armed if we are to guard against perhaps the greatest horror of the twentieth century – a horror with many faces, many dictators as its facades – the deliberate and willfully negligent murder of hundreds of millions of people at the hands of the governments which were instituted, ironically, to preserve their freedoms and protect their lives. We are fools if we think that any country that has ever banned Jews – or anybody else – could not easily do it again.
     An increase in the number of Jewish politicians, or of Jewish police officers, would not guarantee that Jewish people would be protected, because there will always be politicians who want to sell their constituents the illusion of safety. Democrats, for example, do this by telling their constituents, Jews included, to hand their guns over to the racist Donald Trump. Then the Republicans say he needs these guns to protect you from the Muslims. Meanwhile, the government stockpiles more weapons for itself, passes more laws that gives racist governments the right to deny non-whites the right to bear arms in order to defend themselves, and makes secret plans to draft us all again. How these young people are supposed to fight wars overseas without any guns is beyond me.
     That's why I can't support the Democrats. They've shown themselves all too willing to push-through whatever the Republicans want them to, and then to let the G.O.P. Call their own idea socialist just because the Democrats realized that it was the only way to get Republicans to stop complaining. Well, control freaks never stop complaining. You don't just do whatever a control freak wants you to just because you think it will upset them less. Control freaks are not supposed to be obeyed, they're supposed to be confronted for trying to run the lives of free independent people who they're supposed to be getting along with.
     It's very plain to me that Trump is baiting us against each other on the basis of nationality, race, ethnicity, culture, and religion. As much as I want to say that we should not allow him to divide us, the Democrats have proven themselves to be equally incapable of maintaining their affairs ethically or constitutionally enough to deserve the reins of power. As Franklin said, freedom cannot be bought with security. As Jefferson said, the price of freedom is eternal vigilance.
     I am concerned that President Trump is doing what Richard Spencer is doing; paying lip service to the State of Israel in order to make people believe that he couldn't possibly have an aversion to Jewish people. I also suspect that Trump is trying to use the lip service he pays to Israel as leverage, and even his own daughter Ivanka's Judaism, to distract from the fact that he once promulgated a Jewish stereotype in an interview. Trump told an interviewer that he likes to hire “the guys with the funny little hats” (or something like that) to handle his money, because they're supposedly good with it. We should not just chalk this off as a “positive stereotype”; positive stereotypes are still harmful because they reduce all individuals to caricatures of the culture they come from.
     If this is what we are supposed to expect from the “leader of the free world”, then we might as well abolish the office of the president, and ask another country to invade us and depose our democratically-elected leader, because we've got Nazis. After all, it wouldn't be the first time we'd be supporting the ouster of a sovereign government, so no solid American citizen can rightfully tell me that such an action would be unprecedented, or even inconsistent with American values.
     “Never again”, they say. Never again should Jewish people blindly trust any sovereign nation-state on this planet which has ever banned any ethnic or religious minority from its shores. Sure, wish for “never again” with one hand. But also fight for “never again” with the other hand. I'm sorry if this means putting people at risk, or putting people in harm's way, by urging them to be willing to break the law if it is necessary to protect innocent lives. But the law is not always right, and it is not always on the side of preserving human life. People who know that will continue to fight bad governments in order to achieve a better world. That is the price that we pay for not putting severe limits on our government (which we create, not the other way around).



Written on November 13th and 14th, 2018

Published on November 14th, 2018

Friday, February 2, 2018

Reflection Upon the Use of Forced Labor Camps by Anarchists and Communists


     It is said, and accurately, that “people starved under Communism”.
     What is typically meant by “Communism”, of course, is the ideology of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (U.S.S.R.), which was founded by Bolshevik revolutionaries in Russia in 1917 and collapsed in 1991. [Note: soviet means “council”, and Bolshevik means “majority”].
     The ideology of the U.S.S.R. was predominantly influenced by Marxism-Leninism, Lenin having been instrumental in developing Marxist theory, and in leading and organizing the October Revolution. In Marxist theory, socializing control of the means of production (“socialism”, for short) can empower workers and associations between them sufficiently, such that the state is no longer needed, and withers away, giving way to moneyless, classless, stateless communism, while at the same time a new kind of “state”; a “dictatorship of the proletariat”.
     Marxism-Leninism combined the idea of a revolutionary vanguard party with democratic centralism and council communism; while Stalinism ran with vanguardism practically to the point of ignoring the risks of imperialism and of stifling international attempts at communism that did not wish to stay in communion with the U.S.S.R.. However, Russia and the other former members of the U.S.S.R. are not the only countries that have tried communism. Additionally, Bolshevik socialism, with communism as its stated end goal, is not the only form of communism that has ever been proposed.
     Leninism, Stalinism, Trotskyism, Luxemburgism, Juche, libertarian and anarcho-communism, the utopian communalism of Owen, Fourier, and Mill... Not only are there are many varieties of communism, but there are many kinds of socialism, and they don't all have communism as their end goal (whether we mean Bolshevism or anarcho-communism).
     Whomever makes such a broad statement as “people starved under communism” should be cautious as to which form of communism he means. Sometimes it ought to be enough to differentiate theorized stateless communism from Bolshevik Communism with a simple difference in capitalization, but that difference cannot be understood voice-to-voice without explanation. Using capitalization to make a distinction is just like capitalism: it only works on paper.

     Communism can and does work. Regimes that were communist in intent and/or name have made extraordinary achievements in fields such as agriculture, industry, literacy, social justice, and aeronautics. Communist militias have been formed. Anarchist communes have been founded, settled, and lived in. Nations have been formed out of the voluntary associations of communes with one another. Paris was a commune twice in the 19th century. The autonomous republic of Transnistria is arguably still communist or Soviet. There are regional and national federations of anarchists and communists, that have associations with one another, all around the globe.
     Communism can exist, has existed, and does exist. Some people have starved under communism, and some people did not starve while under communism. When communism fails, and when people starve under communism, it is usually the result of attack, sabotage, or natural calamity. The Paris Commune ended when the French aristocracy took control back from the Communards. Communists' attempts to control Vietnam and South Korea - and socialists' attempts to control various Latin American and South American countries (even via democratic election) – were sabotaged by the capitalistic American Empire. The Ukraine suffered a famine in the 1930s, called the Holodomor.
     Other causes of the collapse of communist societies ought not be blamed solely on communism, but on those self-described communists who ignored the principle of autonomy in the organization of workers, and who chose centralization over decentralization as a way to ensure the needs of the populace were met (namely, Marxists). Nationalization and centralization of industries, over-bureaucratization of management, micro-management, strict discipline of workers; these practices neglect all impulses to guard against the bourgeoisie spirit, and against the treatment of the working class as a “reserve army of labor”, both of which workers should despise.

     But the Left is not prone to authoritarianism just because its members are sometimes hypocritical. Nor is collapsed communism the only system prone to hypocrisy. For instance, the modern-day Russian Federation criticizes Western imperialism while arguably acting just as imperialistic as either the United States or as the U.S.S.R. under Stalin. Readers also ought to note the irony of the fact that Stalinists and American imperialists both conspired to crush international attempts at communism during the 20th century. Although they appeared to do that for different reasons, it makes one wonder whether the old rumor is true that American banking interests financed the October Revolution.
     It's entirely possible that Jacob Schiff and other Western banking interests helped finance the Vanguard of the October Revolution (which included Lenin and Trotsky) – and if they did, then British and German banking interests were likely involved as well. That the same three imperialist nations all later fought the U.S.S.R. and Soviet influence, should be no surprise. Western imperialist nations have profited off of the desperation of the second and third world in such a manner; America for at least two centuries now, the others for much longer. This will continue to happen as long as nations desirous of communism keep “trading” with capitalist enterprises and governments representing capitalist interests.
     What this is, is a scheme to undermine successive regimes, by sowing the seeds of discord and revolutionary activity in the public; the goal being to cause regime after regime to fall, no matter its ideology, intent, or goals. This is done in order to pressure fledgling regimes to sell their assets to the U.S. government and American businesses, to seize assets from their citizens in order to find more to sell, and to open up their countries' land and labor to foreign interests who want to export nearly everything of value out of the country in question.
     While it may seem hypocritical to help destroy the regime you just helped put into power - to bait all countries and governments against each other for your profit – it is actually a very consistent method of seizing power. Through differential interest rates on lending, and through cartelization and fixing of monetary exchange rates, the banking elite make bets on which nation will best be able to exploit its citizens and their property, and force them to join militaries to murder foreigners for their property, so they can give it to the banks to repay the debts which the government and/or public owe the banks.
     This system is innate to capitalism, mercantilism, fascism, and indeed any purported “free”-market system that tolerates any degree of state interference. This is so for the simple reason that militaries and banking monopolies do not behave like normal actors engaging in voluntary exchange. By their nature, their very presence in markets destroys the freedom of markets. True choice cannot take place under conditions of monopoly or coercion.

     If communism is defeated or sabotaged by an outside force, we should not blame the victims, nor encourage them to feel ashamed on account of it. Just as it is in the nature of militaristic, belligerent imperialist nations to crush attempts to live outside of their purview, it is in the nature of trading capitalist nations to legally exploit the natural resources and work-power of the countries agreeing (or reluctantly assenting) to trade with them.
     Trade itself poses a dangerous question, and threat, to communist regimes. That is, the danger is the issue of whether a communist nation is supposed to trade, or whether it should be entirely self-sufficient. What's so dangerous about trade is that the “freedom to trade” usually has force to back it up, rendering trade a “force” in and of itself (that is, at least in “market” economies that tolerate any degree of state influence). The “freedom” to pressure, leverage, manipulate, isolate, and intimidate a government into confiscate its people's lands and selling their jobs, futures, and homes out from underneath them, is not a freedom, because it destroys the liberties of others. Nor is it a natural “freedom”, because it requires coercion to enforce.
     That is why it is so unfortunate that spreading truly free-market systems has proven difficult, and has sometimes failed. Perhaps that's because proponents of this idea have always hoped that a central government, in whatever form, can ensure that trade stays free. Federations of council republics, and systems of common markets and free interstate commerce, are difficult to craft, because they require some level of military and managerial will-power to organize whole communities and nations of people, to try new systems of political and economic self-governance.

     When critics of Soviet “Communism” (if indeed it really was Communism; many Leftists will argue that it was not because it did not achieve statelessness) blame the economic ideology that led it, and also blame all other vaguely associated and vaguely similar ideologies, it usually seems to be motivated by the desires to find a scapegoat, and simplify things to fit their preconceived narrative and confirmation bias.
     Turning nationalist movements into territorial nation-states is not something that happens without some bloodshed, and people in uniforms telling other people what to do. Furthermore, if any society exists for long enough, anarchist or not, it will eventually suffer from some sort of famine or other natural disaster. Are we to blame communism for even the weather? Should we blame the Governor of California every time there is a wildfire in his state?
     Every time we pretend that more control and fire-power, or better government management, could have prevented a national tragedy or a natural calamity, we give in to the Statist idea that government is like a God, that it can stop evil at-will, that it can save people from natural disasters. It's true that government agencies have rescued people from natural disasters, and that government employees put fires out; but it's also true that government mismanagement has resulted in lots of people living in flood-prone areas, exposing them to the risk of natural disasters. It does liberty no service to attempt to criticize communism and statism while ascribing godlike powers to those who practice them.
     In Jamestown colony, John Smith echoed the words of Paul the Apostle: “If a man does not work, then neither shall he eat.” Yet the Jamestown settlers resorted to cannibalism. Lenin espoused the same idea, and some people starved under the U.S.S.R.. Why should we try to blame the failure of a colony in America, or the failure of the U.S.S.R., on either communism or Christianity, when we could blame the drought that afflicted the settlers, or the famines that afflicted the Communists?
     The Marxian material conception of history tells us that the material conditions of those community-building attempts determined their destiny much more than any political or economic system ever could have.

     In the early 20th century, before fascism swept Europe - with its ultra-nationalism, nationalization of property under the pretense of privatization, and command-and-control economics measures such as rationing and price controls – tens of millions died of Spanish influenza following the conclusion of World War I. Between ten and twenty years after that, in the United States, agricultural mismanagement exacerbated the already severe financial conditions. Next, for Europe and America alike, it was that perfect storm - severe natural and material conditions, combined with the pressure to choose between the fascists and the communists - which caused liberal democracy after socialist republic to fall victim to the pressure to impose rigorous controls on the economy and society.
     The result was what some call “socialists acting like fascists”. Events like the signing of the Molotov-Ribbentropp treaty showed that the Stalinists were just as expansionist as the Nazis, and just as much without regard for the fate of Poles, Jews, and other people living in the giant World War II hot spot known as the Russian Pale. Socialists and Communists caved into military, natural, and economic pressure, and started focusing on centralizing control and consolidating power to guard against outside threats (namely, fascism). And anarchists and Communists alike built work camps, and worked people to death.
     The tactics employed by both the anarcho-communists and the fascists – namely, economic controls and coerced labor - were similar. However, to suggest that those facts alone makes them the same, is almost to say that a fascist militant, once captured, doesn't deserve to be treated with the torturous methods which his ilk invented. There is a time for justice, and a time for mercy; but mercy is by definition something which is undeserved.
     Even if anarcho-communists and fascists did share some of the same goals in maintaining their forced labor prisons (or justice and rehabilitation systems, whatever you want to call them), that does not mean that all anarcho-communists “become what they despised”, or “became authoritarian” or became Nazis. Whether they deprived anyone of liberty wrongfully or not, their actions should not discredit all anarchists, nor all socialists, communists, nor “Leftists” (however you wish to define that term).
     I could blame any crimes of the anarchists of the Spanish social republic on the U.S. Republican Party if I wanted to, but I wouldn't make such a ridiculous claim. It may take a little extra time to criticize different types of communist regimes for different activities, but it's worth it compared to the non-existent benefits of oversimplifying things by lumping-together everyone with a slightly similar philosophy or name.

     In the 1930s, as nationalism swept Europe and imperialism swept the world, the need to unify in a solid front against the fascists grew; specifically against the Francoists in Spain, the Mussolinian fascists in Italy, and Hitler's National Socialist Nazis in Germany.
     In 1936, to contain the spread of Franco's sphere of influence, mechanic and revolutionary Buenaventura Durruti erected the Durruti Column, a militant organization comprised of thousands of anarchists from all over the world. The Durruti Column worked in close coordination with the C.N.T. and F.A.I. to organize resistance to the Francoists. The C.N.T. (Confederacion Nacional del Trabajo) is an anarcho-syndicalist union, and the F.A.I. (Federacion Anarquista Iberica) is a group of militant anarcho-communists who are active within affinity groups inside the C.N.T..
     Solidarity between anarchists, syndicalists, communists, and other anti-fascists was essential, given the small numbers of radical anti-fascists, considered against the magnitude of the threat posed by Franco (and, later, the Axis Powers). [Note: At times throughout this essay, I may refer to the entire anti-fascist front as either “anarchist” or “communist”, or both.]
     Beginning in 1937, the leadership of the C.N.T.-F.A.I. began imprisoning people in coerced labor camps; including fascist sympathizers, clergymen, members of the bourgeoisie, and “reactionaries” and “subversives”, as well as thieves, drunkards, and delinquents, and even C.N.T.-F.A.I. officers who abused their power. According to the C.N.T.-F.A.I.'s defenders, these prisoners were not held in as brutal conditions as those in Stalin's gulags, as they still had contact with the outside world.
     Some of the anarcho-communists' decisions at this time – in particular, the decision to maintain work camps – were framed in the context that the only alternative was fascism. If one did not work hard enough, one was treated with suspicion of sabotage. It is said that this is because if military activities lag behind, and if the civilian work which gives the military its support structure lags behind, then the fascists will take advantage of the communists' vulnerability, and take over.
     The anarchists' treatment of their prisoners of war may seem cruel; however, they deemed it necessary to face the fascist threat. In order to fight against the fascists, one had to join forces with whomever was fighting them, in order to overcome overwhelming odds. If one wanted to fight with the anarchists, one had to tolerate fighting alongside communists, and obeying the officers of the military unit. If you had to fight fascists and Nazis, your willingness to tolerate a little “authoritarianism” within your own ranks might prove advantageous in the long term.
     Enemies at the gates breed desperation inside, and desperation and pressure breed coercion and control. And whomever puts in the most initiative to organize people, organize their labor, and organize the military and its support structure - and whomever is the best at directing resources, in a way that balances the needs of those needing protection and incapable of defending themselves, versus the militants doing the protecting – is going to look authoritarian by contrast to the people they are empowering.

     The fact that Spanish anarchism eventually lost-out to Franco, or that the U.S.S.R. eventually collapsed, should not be mistaken so as to prove that all political and economic systems will fail if they are to any extent “radical”, “extremist”, “Leftist”, or “collectivist”.
     Nor should they be construed to prove that only private property rights and market systems guard against starvation or authoritarianism. Nor should they be taken to prove that all of these systems require corruption into Statism, nor that they cannot survive without imposing extreme economic controls (such as rationing, or collectivization or nationalization of resources).
     Anarchism certainly seems to embrace liberty, and not all communism opposes liberty. If anarchism and communism do not succeed often, it is not necessarily because there is something intrinsically wrong with them, nor with their name, nor even because they did not embrace liberty enough. Actually, at times, some anarchists and libertarians have been too tolerant of people who are not willing to tolerate them, and their mercy and benefit of the doubt betrayed them.
     But the reasons that anarchists and communists didn't often succeed in the 20th century, as I have hinted at already, are that there are military, commercial, and rhetorical forces mounted against them from secure places of power and influence. Additionally, because the inferior agricultural technology and medicinal science, coupled with poor agricultural conditions, compounded the already enormous politicoeconomic pressures of the time, which caused poverty conditions and starvation. Aside from that, it also came down to how efficient the distribution system was, whether it focused on government management or market-based pricing mechanisms, whether there were multiple supply lines, and how much the black market thrived.
     Wars, famines, droughts, natural disasters, health epidemics, deficiencies and inefficiencies in transportation and distribution infrastructure: any one of these things alone could bring a nation - even a whole continent - to its knees. The early 20th century was fraught with those problems, and it had to solve them with early 20th century technology, industry, and science.
     In light of all these difficulties, and the dire domestic material conditions of the time – alongside the extraordinary threat posed by authoritarian controls coming from outside the country – it should be easy to understand why the anti-authoritarian anarchists of the C.N.T.-F.A.I. were willing to tolerate these controls; seemingly authoritarian, though designed to keep communities safe from fascist military advances.

     It should be even easier when one considers that no particular political nor economic system ought to be blamed for imposing command-and-control measures upon the economy, such as rationing and price controls. Minimum wage laws are price floors on the value of labor, yet they continue to exist in nearly every country in the world, with hardly anyone calling them controls on price. More directly to the point, even the staunchly market-oriented liberal democracy of the United Kingdom nearly succumbed to fascism.
     That is to say, even if the British regime in London didn't fall due to continuous Nazi bombings, Chamberlain tried to appease Hitler several years prior, Churchill had admired Hitler early-on in his reign, and Churchill oversaw rationing, and made racist comments about the people of India. But then again, Gandhi wrote a letter to Hitler as well. It is true, as they say, “politics breed strange bedfellows”, and “desperate times call for desperate measures”. It's just too bad that “all our national heroes were psychopathic, murderous, racist sexual predators” isn't a snappy enough phrase to catch on. In the grand historical scheme of things, hopefully we've made it past the worst of that. Taking baggage with us from the 20th century isn't going to help us; not anywhere nearly as much as making sure we're all on the same page.
     The way we can make sure we're all on the same page is by talking to each other - specifically, to people with different economic and political views from us, and different backgrounds - making sure we're understood when we use particularly loaded political terms, and making more questions fair and open.
     One particular question which it might help us to ask is whether people who make private property claims are depending on the state to enforce that claim, while putting minimal or no effort into protecting the property themselves. Additionally, whether this expectation predisposes propertarian market systems to value the protection property and control, instead of the protection people and their freedoms; by welcoming coercive governments to intrude upon the market for the protection of property, and then to seize and sell that property.
     For as we have seen throughout history, governments wielding a monopoly on protecting the people, all too often neglect their duties, fail to even assume those duties through any form of legal obligation, or simply confiscate and sell the land (and the people on it) which they were charged with the task of protecting.

     I don't know whether, nor how, any particular one of my readers might distinguish work camps, internment camps, concentration camps, and gulags from one another; nor whether they would differentiate slavery, involuntary servitude, or coerced or forced labor, from “mandatory volunteering”. But whatever you call the facility and the practice, it should be easy to see why, under any political or economic system suffering from production and distribution difficulties (and/or any number of other major problems), command-and-control measures are natural and predictable responses to dire military and economic circumstances.
     But that is not to suggest that we ought to tolerate authoritarian economic nor social controls, nor that command-and-control measures nor work camps are unavoidable whenever there is a major problem. Not only are those measures avoidable, the supposed solution to those problems (forced labor) does nothing to solve the problem, nor even to alleviate it. Imposing long hours of coerced labor for little or no compensation, - whether done by Nazis, Bolsheviks, anarchists, or even liberal democracies – causes the hoarding of labor-hours in the hands of the workers (really, in the hands of those who make them work).
     When the bulk of necessary tasks in a society are performed by people in chains - living in camps and ghettos and other densely populated centers - the distribution of labor-hours becomes uneven, and all areas outside of the most densely populated areas are drained of laborers. That is why the use of work camps - although they promised the destitute that they could “work themselves free” or “buy their freedom” - breeds concentration of wealth in the hands of the few. That's because it concentrates wealth into small areas (namely, urban areas, and densely-populated areas, where the most people are working), and it brings with it vast inequality of income and opportunity. And not just due to the poverty of unemployment, and depending on one's location; being employed was obviously no picnic either.
     Fortunately, today, the risks of natural disasters and bad farming weather have become easier to alleviate with modern technology, and extreme poverty is nowhere near as much of a problem now as it was in the early 20th century. Today, though, we have new industrial and scientific technologies.

     We also have new developments in political and economic science; as technologies like improved protection of the rights to speak and communicate will help us guard against the risks of control and authoritarianism in the 21st century. Hopefully, too, will the freedoms of, to, and from political association will become better protected; unfortunately, the issue of who we expect to do that protection is beyond the scope of this essay.
     Decentralizing power away from cities and central governments could help distribute wealth and power geographically in a more equitable way. Moreover, it could help reverse the flow of workers and jobs from rural communities to dense population centers, and undo a lot of the damage caused by the territorial enclosure of the Commons.
     Additionally, eliminating all subsidies and bailouts, reducing or eliminating unnecessary taxes on sales and imports, and drastically reducing the durations of the terms of patent protection (or else the complete abolition of government protection of intellectual property) could all help accelerate the process of making goods easier to afford. These measures would diminish most of the ill effects of the concentration of military and economic power, as well as the inordinate powers of governments - and the “innovators” and “developers” they protect – to determine prices, and to control production and distribution.
     With pirating and peer-to-peer file-sharing, the free and open collaborative commons, the “sharing economy” and “gift trade barter share” economies, and technological innovations such as the rise of automation and 3-D printing, obtaining resources (especially information) without going through governments and monopolists has gotten easier. With the rise of the internet, the black market of underground voluntary exchange has grown, and has been conducive to freedom, but so too has the red market (the market for violent exchange). The difference between them is the difference between “piracy” (sharing) and theft.
     The benefits of owning rather than sharing notwithstanding, the easier it becomes to share resources, and to use substitutes or unlicensed versions of those resources, the more affordable those resources become. Even if those counter-economic measures only succeed in increasing the affordability of the substitute, then there is, at least, still some pressure on the monopolist to lower his price, at least prospectively.
     The more affordable resources become, the easier and cheaper it becomes to transport and distribute them. That is why avoiding government and its beneficiaries in “private” industry like the plague - and crafting market-oriented liberal-democratic policies that respect the civil liberties and social freedoms of the people, as well as the autonomy of the citizen, worker, and governmental jurisdiction - are the best ways to ease the strains which result from inefficient and insufficient distribution infrastructure. Coincidentally, and conveniently, they are also the best ways to create equal justice under the law, and equality of opportunity, and to erect a unified front against fascism.
     Freedom-loving supporters of the markets can criticize “left-authoritarianism”, “social-authoritarianism”, or “feelings-fascism” as much as they please; but if libertarians, classical liberals, modern liberals, progressives - and, yes, even socialists or syndicalists, communists anarchists alike, do not fight against fascism together - then there might not be enough anti-fascists to save the people, their communities, and their property from being seized by authoritarian regimes. And if there is no respect of even the most basic property rights, then there can be no free market system, because you can't make a trade if you don't have anything to trade with.

     The “authoritarianism” that was characteristic of early 20th century anarcho-communists and fascists alike, was motivated by a desire to provide for the needs of the most trustworthy members of the given communities (or nations, as the case may have been).
     Fascist or anti-fascist, the people who contributed the most to the cause reaped the most rewards, while those who could but didn't were treated as if they were aiding the enemy. But it's hard not to wonder, had the early twentieth century been a time of extraordinary sustained growth and prosperity for nearly all sectors of society, rather than the mess it was, would the Nazis and Bolsheviks have ever even resorted to economic controls?
     If they certainly still would have, then perhaps they would only have expected the political enemies they imprisoned to follow them? After all, nobody who runs a prison system should be expected to treat their prisoners better than civilians (save for a few modern Scandinavian countries that arguably come close). Naturally, such “equal treatment” does not happen without some public criticism, and any people would have every right to be concerned about such a policy. People like to think that the people who are in prison, are in there because they did something wrong, and they're there because they're being punished – not rewarded – for it.
     When you have to decide between killing large numbers of active, attacking, militant fascists, versus trying to put them all in prison - so you can give each of them a fair trial, letting them plead their cases in front of juries of their peers - you have to consider which choice conserves your effort, which choice is less likely to get you killed, and which is more realistic. And handcuffing people on the battlefield is hardly a realistic military strategy.
     Unfortunately, neither is allowing cronies, monopolists, usurers, racketeers, profiteering land hoarders, and hawkish and imperialist military generals, run amok, and try to control the flow of resources, controlling society and labor in the process.

     Anarchist, Communist, or fascist, they all did what they did, and imprisoned whom they imprisoned, because they wanted to wreak vengeance upon those they thought responsible for causing, or contributing to, the inequality of just rewards to those they considered “parasites”. Or, in the fascists' case, they at least said they did.
     Anarchists, Communists, and fascists all seem to agree on at least a few things, like that usury is bad, that getting defeated in a war is bad... and that's about as far as their agreements go. The difference, however, is that the anarchists and Communists prioritized ending inequality, while the fascists focused on scapegoating Jews and other minorities as such parasites.
     This is not to say that there have never been Judeophobic communists; of course there have been. The contributions of the U.S.S.R. to liberating Auschwitz and to helping win World War II notwithstanding, after the October Revolution, there were anti-Jewish pogroms in the Soviet Union, and Jewish revolutionaries were purged from Communist Party ranks.
     However, anarchists and communists in Spain, unlike the Soviets during the later years of Stalin's regime, did not arrest people solely for being foreigners, nor for being Jewish. Nor did they characterize parasitism as a character of a particular race or religion. On the contrary; their ideology was specifically anti-racist and internationalist, and as such, they accepted fighters from around the world.
     This is not to say that zero of the Spanish anarchists were Judeophobic; many of the anarcho-communists and anarcho-syndicalists who fought Franco indeed were atheists and agnostics (while atheism was considered the “state religion” of Communism), and many may have even hated all religions, Judaism not excepted. However, the anarchists' aversion towards religions is easier to understand in light of many Spanish Catholic priests sympathizing with the Franco regime and papism, and the Catholic Church's later complicity in aiding the Nazis (albeit while giving aid to Holocaust victims, while on the other hand, the Church has also apologized for not having done more to help the victims of Nazism).

     Ownership of private property (as Proudhon and Marx defined that term) arguably requires either unanimous public support, or else protection by a state. Bureaucratic controls on pricing and distribution, too, require a certain level of coercion and discipline in order to enforce. Whether it's private ownership or participatory democratic planning, any semblance of coercion or state influence, or diminution of choices, has only ever served to exacerbate any existing inefficiencies and insufficiencies in distribution.
     But, then, without enforcement, discipline, or strict management, how may we ensure a good distribution, which is both fair and free? The best response seems to be to simply allow people to take what is freely to given to them and shared with them, and allow them to freely give and share, without imposing any taxes upon them (which have sometimes intentionally, sometimes unintentionally, punitive effects upon the behavior being taxed).
     Additionally, to allow each person to take their fair share of natural resources, including land, so that they may do on that land whatever they please with their own product and property. Also, that they may keep all they make on that land, and retain possession of the parcel, and trade properties with one another, and pool their properties together (whether contiguously or not). But if you did not make the land, then you may not destroy the land; the parcel's being in your possession does not give you the right to destroy nor burn down any part of it which you did not create.
     Although it could be argued that this might result in a distribution which is still uneven, it cannot be said that it would be insufficient to meet any particular person's needs. To declare the slightest inequality unacceptable is almost to argue that it is unacceptable to give something away without expecting anything in return. Ensuring reciprocity of voluntary exchange is one thing, but it should never excuse coercing a person into making a transaction they do not wish to make. Nor should it excuse taking away a person's right to be charitable, nor their right to do something that needs to be done, but which nobody is willing to pay for it to be done.
     If people are free to give, then they are free to have slightly less than others. If a person voluntarily renounced all possessions, and claims to rent and tenancy and property, then to continue to burden him with licensing agreements, rental contracts, furniture, and the material trappings of which he is trying to rid himself. Just as well as the need for reciprocity, the freedom to give away our things should also not be used to excuse intentionally putting people into a state of inequality.
     Having less currency, or a different or less numerous set of possessions, does not determine your wealth, nor does it determine your class. Your wealth is determined not by your riches, but by your subjective definition of what wealth means to you. And your class is determined by your relationship to the means of production (factories, assembly plants, large machines), and also your relationship to the land (i.e., whether and under what circumstances you may own and attend it).

     Whether ownership of land or factories is free or prohibited, if everyone with good standing in society at least has access to these things, then class conflict becomes less pronounced. But then again, access only guarantees the “freedom” to rent and borrow; while on the other hand, the risks of absolute domination in ownership risks exploitation and destruction.
     But whether with property - or whether with only access, use, and occupation – free and open common access (or anything better) should still be sufficient to ensure that a person be free to perform any task; without it being overly taxed and regulated, and without it necessarily being treated like work or like a profession; and these diverse life-sustaining labors would be sufficient to sustain any person with minimal physical effort. Technological achievements, in the way of automated production and distribution - along with economic and political liberalization reforms – will help ensure that this occurs.
     Equal access to land, and mass individual 
and collective ownership of automatons, will help ensure that anyone can own as much as he wishes - and as much as he can build, grow, and transform - using his share of land. That's because any kind of labor and any kind of capital can be combined upon any type of terrain. Land, not the pistol, is the true Great Equalizer. Indeed, land is freedom; free land breeds a free people. That's why the land issue is so important. And that's why autonomous communities, voluntarily associating in federations, should be free to decide what degree of private property rights in land they shall allow; additionally, in order to balance the needs of human beings with that of the ecosystem that sustains us.

     While it pains me to admit that sometimes a binary choice may be necessary, or even voluntary, the posing of choices between fascism and communism, fascism and chaos, and fascism and democracy in the 20th century, happened so often because it was a reality. Twice in that century, the whole continent of Europe was framed by two long battle fronts, and in World War II the theaters of conflict spanned entire oceans.
     It's natural for anti-fascists, anti-authoritarians, and just plain freedom lovers to want to advocate maximizing choice when it comes to democracy (who we're voting for, or what we're running for) and markets (what we're buying and selling). But when you're caught near a war, and governments and anarchists and terrorists are coming from all over the world to fight each other, the “only choices” that nature and the circumstances “dictate” be given to you, are “fight or flight”.
     At that point, the only real choices you'll find, lie in your decisions concerning where to flee to, by what methods you wish to defend yourself, and whom else you wish to protect. Those may not be enough choices for you, but those are the choices you have left. We must also accept that some choices are irreversible; and that as such, making them constraints the future sets of choices we are able to make. Most importantly, as John F. Kennedy cautioned, "Those who make peaceful revolution impossible will make violent revolution inevitable."
     If only it were as easy to know when you are really consenting to what your peers goad you into doing (or if you are just going along to make them happy) as it is to know whether you are starving.



     Note: I would like to thank author and I.W.W. historian Peter Cole for bringing the history of the C.N.T.-F.A.I. to my attention.

To learn more about C.N.T.-F.A.I., please visit:
and

To learn about Peter Cole, please visit:

To learn about the communists' betrayal of anarchists in Catalonia in May 1937, please visit:
or read "Homage to Catalonia" by George Orwell





Written on February 1st and 2nd, 2018
Based on a post written on January 30th, 2018
Originally Published on February 2nd, 2018
Additional source note added on February 28th, 2018
Edited on March 7th and April 26th, 2019

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