Showing posts with label ICE. Show all posts
Showing posts with label ICE. Show all posts

Friday, January 22, 2021

Letter to Political Science Professor David T. Canon on Constitutional Law

Table of Contents



1. Introduction

2. First and Second E-Mail, Part 1: On the First and Fourth Amendments, Technology, Security, and the Air Force

3. First and Second E-Mail, Part 2: Elastic Clause and Commerce Clause Interpreted Overly Broadly

4. First and Second E-Mail, Part 3: Advice for Democrats

5. Third E-Mail: McCulloch v. Maryland and Congressional Banking Powers

6. Post-Script



Content



1. Introduction



      The following is an edited version comprised of excerpts from three e-mails which I sent to Professor David T. Canon, who teaches political science at the University of Wisconsin at Madison, and taught me some time between 2005 and 2009.
     The e-mails were sent on January 21st, 2021.


     My conversation with Professor Canon began when I sent him the following infographic, which I published several weeks ago, on January 3rd, 2021.
     I suggested that the infographic could serve as a valuable teaching tool for his political science students, when it comes to learning different viewpoints regarding Article I, Section 8 of the Constitution for the United States. This is the section of the Constitution which outlines the powers of Congress.


     Professor Canon told me that if my interpretation of the Constitution were taken seriously, then the U.S. Air Force, laws allowing police to tap terrorists' phones or track them on the internet, and First Amendment protections for broadcast media and internet publications, would not be allowed to exist.
     Canon also said that the U.S. would be unable to compete and deal with the modern world, if the Constitution were not written in order to be interpreted broadly - and evolve with time - instead of narrowly.
     Canon also made reference to the Supreme Court case McCulloch v. Maryland - which established the constitutionality of the First National Bank - as a precedent recognizing the legitimacy of applying the Necessary and Proper Clause to create new departments which may not have been specifically authorized in Article I Section 8.

     I wrote the following responses, to explain my own view of how the Constitution should be interpreted with regard to the duly delegated powers of Congress. In these three e-mails to Professor Canon, I aimed to articulate a view of constitutional interpretation which combines left-wing and right-wing views.
     I believe that the best way forward, to achieve needed reforms to the body of federal law (the U.S. Code), is to pursue constitutional amendments that will achieve reforms by enshrining them in the Constitution permanently.
     This strategy would be used in place of: 1) temporary measures, 2) Band-Aid solutions, 3) executive orders, 4) presidential signing statements, 5) parliamentary procedures which eliminate the need for supermajorities unfairly, 6) overuse of presidential authority to reorganize the executive branch, 7) inappropriate congressional delegation of powers to the president or to independent or private agencies, and 8) other questionably constitutional ways to pass laws.
     I support adopting the structure and rhetoric of the originalist interpretation of the Constitution, and using it to advance the legal goals which are held by the progressives and the Left. That is, only those which do not conflict with a libertarian interpretation of the traditional originalist viewpoint; i.e., one which strongly values individual civil liberties, freedom of expression, and due process.


     The first segment of text below, consists of the text from the first two e-mails. Excerpts from the second e-mail have been attached to the first e-mail, and are seen in [brackets].


     The second segment of text consists of the third e-mail. That e-mail was written after reviewing the facts of McCulloch v. Maryland.


     The section headings were not included in the original e-mails.




2. First and Second E-Mail, Part 1: On the First and Fourth Amendments, Technology, Security, and the Air Force



     I do not believe that Congress's powers preclude an air force. Nor do I believe that changing technology necessitates new laws or new powers, or means that old powers need to be updated or expanded.

     It is easily justifiable to have an Air Force, or even a Space Force, because Article I Section 8 specifically calls for providing for the common defense.

     My view is that the Necessary and Proper Clause do not give Congress its current powers. The mainstream view today is that Congress can basically give itself whichever powers it deems necessary and proper for promoting the public welfare. My view is that Congress has only those powers which the people grant it, which are necessary and proper in regards to pursuing the ends specifically enumerated in Article I Section 8.

     The fact that an Air Force isn't mentioned there, doesn't mean that the common defense clause doesn't cover airborne military operations.

     The fact that terrorists use the internet or the phone, doesn't mean that the Constitution prevents police from getting a warrant from a judge which specifically allows them to get phone records or internet records. [Parts of the Patriot Act may have been appropriate, due to new technologies, but only if they did not violate due process protections. And the Department of Homeland Security could have been much more easily justifiable as Constitutional if its powers had been exercised by the Department of Defense, or the Department of Justice, which existed since the 1790s.]

     The fact that terrorism laws needed to be updated, justified a small percentage of what the Patriot Act accomplished. But by and large, the need to update those laws, was used to [justify] overturn[ing] Habeas Corpus [and ignoring the due process rights of people accused of terrorism].

     You're correct that the Constitution doesn't allow police to tap phones. But that's a good thing, and the limitations imposed by the Constitution should have prevented wiretapping. The fact that technology is changing, doesn't mean we should validate the Patriot Act, and give up struggling against the treasonous Alien and Sedition Act, which has more or less created a free speech chilling effect upon the expression of political speech, and upon activism and protect.




3. First and Second E-Mail, Part 2: Elastic Clause and Commerce Clause Interpreted Overly Broadly

     I understand the view that our society would be held back, in some sense, but I don't buy it. The voting booth is not a time machine. I do believe that several constitutional amendments are needed, but based on my reading of history, constitutional amendments have not been the major reason why the federal government has expanded.

     You're correct that the Commerce Clause, and the Necessary and Proper Clause – and also the General Welfare Clause – have been broadly interpreted, and that that's one of the causes. Another is Congress handing its constitutional powers over to the president without cause (as in the power to make war). Another is the reorganization authority of the president. This power to reorganize executive departments, has been interpreted to allow the president to “reorganize” entire sectors of the economy into-under his control, after Congress has assumed it has powers it doesn't have, and hands it over to the president. [The presidential power to reorganize cabinets is not supposed to extend to powers which he did not already have. But it has been used that way.] And as long as the Supreme Court doesn't stop them, this keeps going.

     As I explained in the infographic, the military powers justify occupying lands essential to defense. Occupying land justifies managing it, and farming on it. Farming on land justifies regulating food and agriculture, establishing an F.D.A., and regulating environment and energy at the federal level.

     So I'm actually saying that there is a constitutional rationale for federal departments not originally prescribed by the Constitution. I'm just saying that Democrats aren't currently using the best argument for growing the government. That's why the E.P.A. is toothless.

     That's why I'm suggesting that people study Article I Section 8, and the views I've expressed in this letter. I think we should be expanding the Unenumerated Rights protected by the 9th Amendment, instead of the Unenumerated Powers of Congress (which arguably don't exist). I think this will lead to more successful, and more permanent, legislation, as opposed to the temporary fixes and Band-Aid half-solutions.

     Teaching people how to interpret the Constitution for themselves, would be a lot more effective than teaching people that the Constitution is an outdated document. It's true that the Constitution does leave slavery in place, because of the 13th Amendment, but that amendment can itself be amended. There hasn't been a new amendment in 29 years. It's time we not only amend the Constitution, but also teach people how to amend it (a process which has historically taken as short as 6 months). If people had been less afraid of the Constitution, maybe the 13th Amendment would have been fixed by now.

     Until Article I Section 8 is amended - in a way that specifically authorizes the Congress to exercise sole authority on the issues of environment, energy, health, retirement, welfare, and education; and in a way that the states cannot intervene with federal regulations – I predict that the E.P.A. and H.H.S. will remain largely powerless whenever there is a Republican president, and that Social Security will remain unstable.



4. First and Second E-Mail, Part 3: Advice for Democrats


     These programs and departments are financially unstable because they are founded on ground which is not constitutionally firm. It is not the Republicans which have prevented Democrats from having the federal government do what they want, but rather, it is the Constitution which has established these limitations.

     Until Democrats learn to be proficient in constitutional interpretation, I predict that the E.P.A. will remain toothless, environmental laws and health insurance programs will be easy to overturn, the Democrats will continue to waste years and trillions of dollars on programs that presidents can easily ignore, and governors and the Supreme Court will continue to veto and reject unconstitutional new uses of power by the Congress.

     The time for Democrats to scream like babies in the congressional chamber, demanding that a vote be taken which they are not allowed to take (i.e., regulating gun control, therein violating the limits set by the Second Amendment) is over.

     Democrats need to understand how Congress's powers are granted – and understand different views about where its authority comes from - and they need to use better justifications for empowering the Congress to take action. I assure you, there is a way to do that.

     Until that happens, the Democratic Party will be giving the impression, to young legislators and activists, that if they want the federal government to have a new power, all they need to do is beg really, really hard for the Congress to start doing it. Instead of citing, in the bill, specifically, where in Article I Section 8 the authority comes from, for Congress to do it.

     The Necessary and Proper Clause / Elastic Clause, the General Welfare Clause, and the Commerce Clause, are not sufficient to justify the current set of powers currently wielded by the federal government. They have all been interpreted in too broad a manner, while the definitions of the terms “regulate” and “welfare” have been widely debated.

     If Congress has these powers, then what are the powers of the state governments? Solely to hire police, in order to enforce the uniform federal law which Congress hands down? Are there no issues, or sectors of the economy, which the states have sole or exclusive authority to regulate?

     I was under the impression that all powers not expressly delegated to the Congress are reserved to the states or to the people (10th Amendment), and that the enumeration of certain rights in the Constitution shall not be construed to deny or disparage the rights retained by the people (9th Amendment). The idea that the federal government can legislate upon any and all things that are mentioned - or even barely referenced in passing - in the Constitution, then we destroy what the 9th Amendment was supposed to protect.

      The fact that the federal government has the authority to "establish Post Roads" does not mean that it has the authority to build and maintain a National Highway System. Establishing post roads is different from building them. Just like the exclusive federal authority to establish a uniform set of rules regarding naturalization, does not mean that the federal government has to enforce those rules. Or establish I.C.E. for those purposes. And it doesn't mean that the federal government gets to regulate immigration however it pleases. The states still retain some authority. If liberals weren't afraid of the Constitution, one of them would have thought of this by now. By now, sanctuary states and sanctuary cities could have been obviously constitutional, and independent so that the federal government doesn't fund them. But we don't have that because we insist on preserving monarchical, tyrannical levels of executive power in the presidency, and corrupt misinterpretations of the Constitution by Congress.

     If we go on thinking that the federal government can do whatever it wants, then we should expect someone to be elected every 4 or 8 years who promises to either dismantle these unconstitutional programs, or else use them for evil. Perhaps it is best that they be dismantled peacefully, before they can be used for evil, or left powerless, by a future administration.

     If you disagree with me, then I will run into the congressional chamber - like a progressive legislator, or a right-wing gun nut - and scream to the federal government, until they grant themselves a new power to take away your coffee mug, and give it to me. With the rationale that it vaguely (generally) promotes my well-being, so it qualifies as general welfare. That was a joke, but this is what liberals think the General Welfare Clause actually means. They don't care that the Fifth Amendment Takings Clause, and Due Process, would stop me from taking your coffee mug, for doing nothing but disagreeing with me. They only know that those limitations were imposed by slave owners, therefore government should be able to steal from anyone it pleases and give it to anyone else! And that is why we have both social welfare and corporate welfare.

     This shit has got to stop. If you don't want people running into Congress screaming with guns, then we will have idiot Democratic legislators screaming for new authorities to take the people's rights away. We need a more robust and comprehensive teaching and debate concerning Article I Section 8.

     I hope I have expressed at least one thought here, which is not typical of the "originalist" interpretation of the Constitution. I believe that natural rights, human rights, and civil liberties would be viewed as one and the same, if we fully understood and adopted the sentiment contained within the 9th Amendment.




5. Third E-Mail: McCulloch v. Maryland and Congressional Banking Powers


     The Supreme Court was correct to establish that agencies which are necessary and proper to create, because of the powers enumerated in Article I Section 8, are constitutional. I do not dispute that.

     But it could be argued that the First National Bank was not authorized by Article I Section 8 in the first place, because a central bank would not have been necessary to exercise all the banking powers listed therein.


     The banking powers delegated to Congress consist of:

     - the authority to coin and issue currency (done by mints)
     - the authority to regulate bankruptcies (done by Congress)
     - the authority to lay and collect taxes, (done by Congress & the I.R.S.)
     - the authority to borrow money "on the credit of the United States".



     A bank is arguably not "necessary and proper" to put into effect those four powers. Borrowing money on the credit of "the United States" might even refer to Congress itself.

     That might not make sense. But there are only a few entities which could be saddled with public debt: 1) Congress, 2) the Treasury Dep[artmen]t, or 3) the people. And it is popularly said and taught that the people do not directly own the public debt.

     But then again, Congress may not own the debt, because congressional oaths of office are not taken in writing, which calls into question whether congressmen have any financial obligation to support the Constitution or represent their constituents.

     Additionally, the fact that the Congress has the power to do something, does not necessarily mean that it should. We have a national bank, not to pay our bills, but to manage being in debt. The fact that Congress has authority to borrow money on the credit of the United States, does not necessarily mean that the Congress should exercise that authority. Can does not equal should.



6. Post-Script


     Please see the following articles, which I wrote, to learn more about how I believe Article I Section 8 of the Constitution should be interpreted:

     - "How to Easily and Permanently Memorize the Enumerated Powers of Congress" (February 2020)
     http://aquarianagrarian.blogspot.com/2020/02/how-to-easily-and-permanently-memorize.html

     - "What is Congress Allowed to Do and What is it Not Allowed to Do (Without an Amendment)?" (January 2021)
     http://aquarianagrarian.blogspot.com/2021/01/what-is-congress-allowed-to-do-and-what.html




E-Mails Written on January 21st, 2021

Introduction Written on January 22nd, 2021

Published on January 22nd, 2021

Thursday, November 22, 2018

Forty-Seven Reasons Why I'm Concerned About a Resurgence of Nazism in America (Incomplete)


Table of Contents

Introduction
1. Most Americans Don't Mind Sacrificing Liberty or Privacy in Exchange for the Illusion of Security
2. The T.S.A. Confiscates Our Things and Sells Them on the Cheap, Like the Nazis Did to the Jews
3. Both I.C.E. and the Nazis Used the Promise of Showers to Deceive Their Prisoners

4. Most Americans Don't Mind Spending too Much, Working too Hard, to Earn Special Treatment
5. Unpaid Prison Labor and For-Profit Prisons Are on the Rise
6. Fear-Mongering About Disease-Carrying Immigrants Prompts Calls for Ethnic Cleansing

7. U.S. Immigration Authorities Sprayed Immigrants with Zyklon-B, Once Used to Gas Jews
8. Authorities Are Spraying People with Noxious Gas at the Border Right Now
9. Calling Welfare Recipients and Immigrants “Parasites” Normalizes Dehumanization
10. Americans of 
Both Major Parties Justify Abortion if it's of “the Right Race”
11. Immigrants Are Depicted as Invading Hordes of Barbarians, Like the Jews Were
12. Immigrants Are Depicted as Both “Lazy” and “Taking Your Jobs”, Like the Jews Were
13. President Trump Has Promulgated Stereotypes About Hispanics, Muslims, and Jews
14. President Trump Said He'd Consider Creating a Database of Muslim-Americans
15. President Trump Encourages His Supporters to Harm Protesters and Dissidents
16. Trump's Ex-Wife Claims He Reads and Admires the Fascist Italian Dictator Benito Mussolini
17. President Trump Wants to Amend or Repeal the Birthright Citizenship Clause
18. The President Wants Dictatorial Power, and Congress Has Historically Given it to Him
19. The 2020 Census Could Be Used as an Excuse to Arrest and Deport Undocumented Immigrants
20. The U.S. Already Practices Internment of “Undesirables” and Maintains Concentration Camps
21. People Still Excuse F.D.R. for Refusing to Let Undocumented Jewish Refugees In
22. The Democratic Party's Love of Big Government Makes Authoritarianism Unavoidable

23. An I.C.E. Official Said They're “Just Following Orders”, Like the Nazi Adolf Eichmann Did
24. Trump's Former Press Correspondent Claimed That the Nazis Never Used Chemical Weapons

25. Ultra-Nationalism, Nativism, and Extreme Anti-Immigration Policies Are the New Normal
26. American Citizens in Good Standing Are Already Losing Their Citizenship Without Cause
27. Right-Wingers in Germany, Austria, Italy, etc. Hope to Form an "Axis" to Solve Immigration
28. Democrats' Enthusiastic Support for Assimilation Plays Right into Republicans' Hands
29. Americans of Both Major Parties Demonize the Far Left, Communism, and All Things Foreign
30. Obama Democrats Made it Difficult to Get Away with Calling the President Racist or Fascist

31. Strong Anti-Fascism is Virtually Non-Existent in Libertarian Circles, the One Place it Matters
32. I.C.E. Separates People by Age and Sex, Like the Nazis Did
33. I.C.E. Confiscates Religious Items, Like the Nazis and Communists Did
34. Post-9/11 Fear of Foreigners and Middle Easterners Threatens the Safety of Jewish People
35. A Growing Number of Americans Want to Silence Discussion of Israel
36. All Criticism of the State of Israel is Deemed Anti-Semitic, and This Silences Jewish Voices
37. Promoting Jewish Stereotypes is Publicly Acceptable in America Nowadays
38. Many Jewish-Americans Have Been Legally, and Voluntarily, Disarmed
39. Israeli Ultra-Nationalism is on the Rise, and Gaza is Already a Concentration Camp
40. George W. Bush's Grandfather Was a War Profiteer, and Bush Loyalists Are Still in Office
41. American Companies That Financed Nazis and the Holocaust Are Still Around, and Popular
42. Americans and Soviets Imported Nazi Scientists As Part of Operation Paperclip
43. Americans Call for More Non-White Police, While Nazis Rewarded Loyalty with Police Posts
44. Many Americans Are Desensitized to Violence, and See Mass Murder as Something Funny
45. A Literal Nazi Ran for U.S. House of Representatives and Won His Nomination Uncontested
46. American Culture is Awash in Alcohol, Which Was Given to Jews to Cope with Their Conditions
47. American Culture Values Competitiveness in Sports, the Economy, and Even Survival
Conclusion





Content

Introduction

     The October 27
th Tree of Life Synagogue shooting in Pittsburgh – in which 11 Jewish-Americans were shot to death in the midst of their morning prayer1 – confirmed many Americans' fears that the threat of violent anti-Semitism is real. Many are beginning to wonder whether actual Nazism itself is on the rise in America today2 (as opposed to just plain American imperialism and authoritarianism, like we're used to seeing every day).3
     On November 19th, a video was uploaded to the YouTube channel youthleadermagazine, entitled “Jeremy Ornstein Sunrise Movement 1: Adults – Face Harsh Reality – GROW UP!”.4 In the video, an 18-year-old Jewish-American student from Massachusetts named Jeremy Ornstein, speaks outside of once and future Speaker of the House Nancy Pelosi's office in Washington, D.C.. Accompanied by scores of students holding signs reading “Green New Deal”, Mr. Ornstein described his brother finding the Holocaust memoirs of their grandparent who had immigrated from Hungary.
     According to Ornstein, “I walked in, and almost immediately to my right, I saw a book on the table, and read that the Nazis pretended the gas chambers were showers to kill the Jews. And I remembered that I was devastated by that fact, and all of my resolve fell from my shoulders. And before I left that room, I had to grow up. So many times in the past few years, I have had to grow up. Like the first, second, and third time I read about kids being shot in schools. And when we all learned about the lead in the water in Flint. And every time that I read or see about the aftermath of climate-fueled disasters.”4
     Mr. Ornstein then described being on the phone with his father while the shooter in Pittsburgh was still active, and went on to challenge Speaker Pelosi and the Democratic leadership to “grow up” like he did.
     In his speech – perhaps intentionally, perhaps unwittingly - Ornstein seemed to be drawing a parallel between the Nazis' deceptive promise of showers for the Jews in their custody, and the government's failed promise of clean, potable drinking water to the people of Flint, Michigan.5 Each involved a promise of water and cleanliness, and neither promise was fulfilled.
     Ornstein is right to call his government out for failing to deliver on its promise, and to challenge the Democratic Party leadership to stand up to the opposition party. While it would be difficult to argue that Jeremy Ornstein and his ancestors were not victimized by their governments, it is hard to ignore the tragic irony of his situation: he is coerced into trusting a government which has already deceived him many times before. Moreover, he is begging one party to protect him from the other.
     Ornstein described repeatedly being let down by the Democratic leadership, albeit while wearing a T-shirt bearing the words “we have a right to good jobs and a livable future”, and while admitting that the Nazis baited their Jewish victims with promises that they'd take care of them and give them showers. It would be unfair to blame the victims in these situations, but I'm compelled to admit that Ornstein's message is, sadly, not as self-aware as it could be.
     In my opinion, one of the main lessons of the fact that Nazis pretended that gas chambers were showers - and gave the Jews soap to wash up with as they were being unwittingly led to their deaths (although some knew, or at least suspected, what was happening)6 - is that governments are willing to tempt their people with promises of care, riches, jobs, and other nice things, even if those governments eventually want those very same people dead.






     The use of showers as an excuse to “exterminate” people, is just one small example in a long line of policies influenced by the “ethnic cleansing” mindset.7, 8 A nation which adopts this mindset will posit that the nation, its moral culture, and the human gene pool need to be “cleansed” of “alien” and “sub-human” elements, and takes this as an ideology of “racial hygiene”, to underlie and inform its public health policy.9 This idea – and the idea that we're all being fattened-up, and made to surrender all sorts of measures of privacy, independence, and even security, for the sake of the illusion of security, and a little special treatment – is what I intend to explore in the remainder of this essay.
     I see many reasons why the administration of President Donald Trump could, should, and must be described as imperialistic and authoritarian, and even as dictatorial, fascistic, and Naziesque. This essay is intended as a precise enumeration of the forty-five reasons why I feel that way, and what parallels I see between the current treatment of immigrants to the United States by I.C.E., and the treatment of Jewish prisoners by the Nazi S.S. (schutzstaffel; “storm troopers”) before and during the Holocaust.


1. Most Americans Don't Mind Sacrificing Liberty or Privacy in Exchange for the Illusion of Security

     Regarding a tax dispute in Pennsylvania, Benjamin Franklin once wrote, “They who can give up essential Liberty to obtain a little temporary Safety deserve neither Liberty nor Safety.”
10 Although Franklin made that statement in favor of taxation for the purposes of funding collective defense,11 the statement has been characterized as one in favor of greater privacy and less government intrusion in our lives.12
     Franklin's point is well taken; the political ramifications of the attacks of September 11th, 2001 – in particular, the U.S.A. P.A.T.R.I.O.T. Act,13 and the 2012 N.D.A.A. (National Defense Authorization Act)14, 15 – have demonstrated just how much privacy, independence, integrity, and peace Americans have been willing to put up with paying, in order for the illusions of safety and security,16 and in exchange for a little bit of convenience17, 18 and special treatment.
     As a result of the Patriot Act, omnibus defense budgets whose riders affirmed the policies of the Patriot Act, and subsequent Supreme Court decisions; the Bill of Rights,19 habeas corpus,20 the principles of the Magna Carta,21 and the rule of law,22 are effectively null and void.
     F.B.I. agents write their own search warrants.23 Courts have made it easier for police officers to follow us into our homes,24 and to declare us domestic terrorists,25 deny our right to trial,26 and freeze our assets so that we can't defend ourselves in court.27, 28 Citizen and judiciary complacency with “Stop-and-Frisk” laws29 have rendered the decision in Terry v. Ohio practically meaningless,30 all but ignoring our right to resist officers who violate our safety, and even violate the law itself, in the course of their duties.31, 32
     However, 9/11 did not change everything; as many of these restrictive measures were in place long before the attacks. As the result of a Supreme Court decision made in the 1980s (Warren v. D.C.),33 police are rarely held responsible for their crimes,34 and never held to an expectation that they will protect and serve all the people.35 As the result of a Clinton-era law,36 local police departments all over the country are in possession of weapons of war, from machine guns, to tanks, to drones, etc..37
     Those offenses against the people, as well as the intrusions into our privacy via warrantless wiretaps38 and other forms of domestic surveillance, have been well-documented (of course, not well enough). But those points aside, it should not escape our attention that the Transportation Security Administration posted a whopping 95% failure rate in a 2015 study, catching only 3 out of 70 concealed weapons.39
     The T.S.A. does create what Franklin described; the feeling of “a little temporary safety”. But the T.S.A.'s failure shows that this feeling of safety is just that; a feeling, an illusion. Given this fact, the reckless invasions of privacy, bodily autonomy, and physical comfort which are reflected in its policies concerning pat-downs and body scanners,40 should prompt us to question whether there is anything at all in these practices which benefits us (the people paying for it, and the people subjected to it).
     Today, anyone is welcome in America who steadfastly trusts, and is loyal to, the police. Some Americans want to believe so badly that the police are doing the right thing, that they are willing to excuse the unnecessary use of force (and the disproportionate use of that force against non-whites41) – or an excessively complicated and even conflicting set of directions for surrender42 – in order for an officer of the law to subdue an arrestee. Recent years have seen Americans arrested after failing to obey orders due to an inability to hear those orders in the first place, whether it's because they're deaf,43 listening to music on headphones,44 mentally disabled,45 a legally armed security guard who simply didn't hear the order to drop the weapon,46 or even already paralyzed and in a coma.47
     This devoted trust of police officers and their commands, have given rise to the idea that “all you have to do is comply, and you won't get hurt.”48 American comedian Bill Burr remarked sarcastically, “Look, it's really simple. All you have to do is comply, and you won't get your ass kicked by police. When they tell you to get down, you get down. When they tell you to turn in your gun, you turn in your gun. When they tell you to get in the boxcar, you get in the fucking boxcar. Why in the Hell is this so difficult to understand, people?”49 In the words of author Patrick S. Tomlinson, “'Just do what they say and you won't get hurt' is what we tell hostages, not free citizens interacting with police.”50

     As the old saying goes, “If you give someone an inch, they will take a mile.” That is, if you let someone tell you what to do, they'll continue doing it. Then, before you know it, you're just doing as you're told, without questioning it, instead of doing what you want to do.
     Although is is not required to think for yourself in our society, it is also not prohibited, and that is for a reason. If you let other people direct your life, eventually you will end up their puppet, and the executor of their will, and you may have to give up your identity, your well-being, or even your life in order to serve out somebody else's sick purposes. It's usually acceptable to refuse to obey orders that seriously violate your conscience and your sense of morality, and having a healthy distrust of authority is not only acceptable; it's part of our heritage as Americans (from the Revolutionary War).51
     As you read the remainder of this article, when I discuss American policies currently in place – I invite you to ask yourself how this policy affects Jewish-Americans. Set aside how it affects Americans who are not Jewish, and then consider the possibility that non-Jewish Americans' freedoms might be curtailed solely to make curtailments of Jewish citizens' freedoms seem normal, or “not as bad” by comparison.
      Opponents may say, “See, the Jews and the non-Jews both have to do something they don't want to do, that's called sacrifice,52 and it's what you do in a society to compromise”.53 But consider the possibility, instead, that two wrongs don't make a right. Also, consider that condemning people to equal misery, is equality, but only equality in suffering.54


2. The T.S.A. Confiscates Our Things and Sells Them on the Cheap, Like the Nazis Did to the Jews

     The Transportation Security Administration confiscates more than half a million dollars in spare change alone from travelers every year.
55 Not only that, they sell the items they confiscate from us on the cheap,56 and you can go online57, 58 to find out how to buy those items back from them in government-sponsored police auctions.
     After a 1938 Nazi law required Jewish residents to register their wealth and their valuable possessions, the Nazis confiscated many Jews' possessions.59 While some Jews were legally ordered to sell their possessions, others were left with no realistic alternative available but to sell their most cherished possessions in order to afford to leave the country, while others were forced to abandon their property in order leave the country. At times, Jews' property was sold to finance the government, and/or in order to finance the Jews' own deportation at the hands of the Nazis.60
     American travelers - and sports fans,61, 62 and concert-goers - have almost gotten accustomed to abandoning their possessions with little or no notice or thought, when entering public property, or someone else's private property. Perhaps this is, to a large extent, a result of the T.S.A.'s rule banning containers of liquid larger than 3 ounces (in order to decrease the likelihood that a liquid-based plastic explosive or “gel-ignite” could be smuggled aboard an airplane flight).63
     Once in 2012, I myself decided not to attend a speech by President Obama because the online invitation for the event suggested that security would confiscate my bottle of water on the way in.64 It's hard to go see a band at a festival, concert, or even a punk bar, without showing your I.D. to prove that you're of legal drinking age, pay too much for the ticket, get your hand stamped and/or let them put a bracelet on you (to signify that you've paid already), and, possibly, be asked to throw away any food and drinks we might have on us. It seems excessive.
     But more importantly, it conditions us to put up with similar treatment by government, and by people who invite us onto their property. People should not have to choose to abandon water and food, - two of our most urgent needs - in order to be allowed onto private or public property. Nursing mothers should not have to throw away breast milk,65 and cancer patients should not have to be attacked for not enjoying being grabbed by T.S.A. agents,66 solely in order order to fly “safely” across their own country. Yet Americans put up with this sort of treatment every day – enduring all forms of medical torture - simply to get from Point A to Point B. The fact that the T.S.A. is selling our possessions back to us, only adds insult to injury.
     If this is all really “for our protection”, then clearly something is wrong. The right to be secure in our persons, papers, and property includes the rights of bodily autonomy, physical integrity, the right to defend oneself, and the right to possess items including medication, so long as we do not use those possessions to harm others. No government should have the right to force or pressure us to abandon, destroy, nor sell our property in order to cooperate with it, nor in order to cease cooperating with it (by terminating our citizenship).
     The fact that non-Jewish travelers suffer these indignities and deprivations, ought not be any less worrisome than the fact that Jewish travelers suffer them. And the fact that they both suffer, only helps to conceal the facts that 1) Jewish travelers are grossly inconvenienced by these measures, and 2) no traveler, concert-goer, nor sports fan – either Jew or Gentile – need undergo them.
     Those who remember the victims of the Holocaust, and whom have learned its lessons, would do well to consider that if they keep checking their possessions at the door (to the property, or the country, whatever the case may be), then they might eventually be asked, or even expected, to check even more of their property, and their right to privacy, and their identity and heritage, at the door. This is a slippery slope that will lead us to think that privacy, property, and the right to express ourselves are things that have to be earned at grave costs.
     But indeed they are, because so many have fought for them. That is why we must cherish the right to own possessions (as long as we don't use them to hurt others or gain leverage over people), and cherish our right to privacy, and to express ourselves, or else we will lose those rights.



3. Both I.C.E. and the Nazis Used the Promise of Showers as a Way to Deceive Their Prisoners

     According to witnesses, gas chambers at the Dachau extermination facility were disguised as “Brause Bad” (“shower baths”),6 and their ceilings were even studded with fake shower heads made of sheet metal.67 The German reputation for cleanliness had culminated in an ideology of “racial hygiene”,9 wherein inferior races can be washed away from the “body” of the German volk (“the German people”) as diseases and parasites are washed away from pure white Aryan skin along with the dark soot. The disease may be given as typhus, but the “virus” that the Nazis intended to “wash away” was Jewishness.
     The book Crystal Night details how the Nazis allowed Jews to purchase food and cigarettes as a consolation for being deported.68 This fact ought to teach us that when all of our "freedoms" are only exercised after paying, and when specifically permitted by government through permits and licensing, government can be made-out to look benevolent for simply removing the obstacles it placed between its employers (we the people) and the things we want. As Ayn Rand said, through her Fountainhead character Howard Roark, who will let me is "not the point. The point is, who will stop me?"69
     To Jews arriving in Dachau, the fake shower heads probably provided a brief moment of hope that the Nazis intended to, at least, keep them healthy enough to work themselves half to death. But history shows us that the permissions, allotments, variances, and even gifts that come from government, are merely as a “betrayal with a kiss" (as in the story of Judas's betrayal of Jesus). It is said to “Beware Greeks bearing gifts”, but it is also said not to “look a gift-horse in the mouth”. I prefer the former quotation.
     This is why I have written this article; to caution people about the twin dangers, which always go hand-in-hand: of totalitarianism (the Republicans) and totalitarianism-enablers (Democrats). Of Nazism (the Neo-Nazis and Trump loyalists) and the apathy and neutrality which make it possible. Let no one diminish what horrors the one is capable of inflicting, and the other of excusing, permitting, and being accomplice and accessory.

     Time and time again, the establishment Democrats, under leaders like Nancy Pelosi, have let young men like Jeremy Ornstein down. Democrats betray their own voters – supposedly a party of, by, and for workers and people of color – and turn around and push Republican policies on their own people. Then they try to make up for it by attaching riders to bills, and bargaining for slightly less repression, in order to tempt the left-leaning public with political goodies and treats; special favors intended as bargaining chips so that they'll vote them back into office.
     Democratic Republicanism, even of the Progressive or Democratic Socialist varieties, only serves to make unfulfillable and unaffordable promises to the American people, while using those promises to distract from not just their own impossibility and unaffordability, but also from the horrendous legislation the goodies are attached to. For example, Senator Bernie Sanders voted to support the 1994 crime control bill that was signed into law by President Bill Clinton. That law led to the incarceration of at least a million non-violent offenders, but Sanders decided to support the bill because it included protection against victims of domestic violence.70
     Whether it's a robust social safety net as a compromise for having to pay for the military-industrial complex, or compensation to farmers as consolation for getting “punished” by tariffs,71 the supporters of both major parties have been bought-out. Americans can't tell when they're just being fattened-up for the slaughter. They think they can buy their way out of a system that unabashedly fumbles for excuses to confiscate their property, and rules their lives, and regulates their money, and controls that money's value. The goodies and treats promised in exchange for the welfare-warfare state “compromise” are soaked with blood, and are inedible.
     When we think of Jews being saved from “extermination”, one thing that comes to mind is Nazi Party member Oskar Schindler, who is credited with saving the lives of over a thousand Jewish people by employing them in his factories.72 One wonders how many would-be Holocaust victims were saved solely because other people were not saved. I am reminded of the story of Rabbi Chaim Rumkowski, whom the Nazis gave a position as the head of the Council of Elders of the ghetto in Lodz (or Litzmannstadt) ghetto in Poland. Rabbi Rumkowski eventually called on ghetto-dwelling Jews to give up their elderly, their children, and themselves. All the while, Rumkowski performed a role similar to that of Schindler: shape which Jews survive, and which Jews escape the country. As a matter of fact, a 1942 speech73 by Rumkowski shows that he thought of himself as a surgeon, with the collective body of the Jewish people before him on the operating table, believing that he needed to “cut off limbs in order to save the body”.73 Captive Jews knew that it would help them to curry favor with Rumkowski (and with Jewish community leaders in other ghettos, and also with their Nazi captors).
     The sad facts that many Jews tried to ingratiate themselves to their captors through submitting to back-breaking labor, and through assimilating (for example, through their dress and appearance, and through converting to Christianity), and ingratiated themselves to the members of their own communities assigned to represent them, ought not serve as a mark of shame. But the consequences of those actions are felt today; Jews are not alone among the many peoples of America, or of the world, who cower at the feet of those who pledge and pretend to protect, serve, defend, and represent us (military, police, politicians, and bureaucratic special interests alike) whether they follow through on those promises or not.
     I'm disturbed by the contrast between that fact, and the fact that the Jewish tradition is one of peaceful disagreement, civil disobedience, and non-conformity. The shared trauma of the Holocaust and the horrors of police violence and domestic surveillance in post-9/11 America have produced a society wherein Jews and non-Jews alike have been intimidated into submission; into willfully divulging all of their personal information,74 and registering many of their valuable possessions instead of insisting upon owning them outright.75 America and Israel alike are societies full of people who have experienced Stockholm Syndrome;76 if not at the hands of genocidal captors, then at least at the hands of their own tyrannical, imperialist government.
     Cooperation and authority are all well and good. But if it's cooperation with authority, or if you didn't give the authority to the authority figure willingly, or if it's cooperation with people who want you dead, then cooperating would be unwise because it would be submission to tyranny. It is not necessary to negotiate with our captors; not when it is possible to fight back, or when it is possible to prevent ourselves from falling into our captors' control in the first place. We can and must fight back against the demands and expectations that our possessions and privacy should be simply thrown away, so that we can enter someone's property, enter public property for which our taxes paid, or exercise our natural freedom to travel across the Earth.
     This is the condition we find ourselves in today: that we've allowed ourselves to be deceived. We believe that eating and smoking are privileges instead of rights, that do not have to be merely paid for but also permitted by the government. Many of us have been tricked into thinking that access to clean water is a privilege as well. That collecting rain water is not a right (when it can be done safely, and without affecting our neighbors).77 That you have to pay taxes in some towns and municipalities – including my own former hometown of Lake Bluff, Illinois (as recently as June 2017) - in order to access its beaches.78
     Where people can be tricked into thinking that clean water and showers are a privilege, rather than a right, they can be tricked into being so grateful for those things, that they can be convinced to give up anything and everything in order to receive them; their freedom, their clothing, anything.
     Yet most Americans are willing to give up food and drinks just to get into a movie theater or concert, give up small weapons they might need for self-defense just to get in anywhere, and give up their right to expect privacy wherever they go outside their own home. But most people don't even have “their own home”, because the bank and the government can always take it away.

     Whenever public utilities providers fail to deliver clean water, suitable, for drinking and bathing, to the people who pay their salaries - and whenever government places unnecessary obstructions to solving the problem when water must be delivered to people who need it – we should let our government's failed promises remind us of the Nazis' willful betrayal.
     But most importantly, I.C.E. (U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement) did use the promise of baths – not showers, like the Jews, mind you; but baths - in order to trick immigrant women into allowing officials to take their children away.
     According to Texas-based federal public defender Miguel Nogueres, “Every day we hear that parents are being separated from their children and are given different reasons for the separation. Some are told the truth. Others are told that [their] children are being taken for a break to play, or bathe, or sleep, … little white lies to ameliorate an exploding situation. The parents will realize they were lied to when they meet us before court.”79
     In a June 10, 2018 article for the Boston Globe, entitled “'Children are being used as a tool' in Trump's effort to stop border crossings”,80 Liz Goodwin reported that “[Azalea] Aleman-Bendiks, the public defender, said several of her clients have told her their children were taken from them by Border Patrol agents who said they were going to give them a bath. As the hours passed, it dawned on the mothers the kids were not coming back.”
     Goodwin continues, “In late May, separated parents in McAllen [Texas] were given a number to call HHS [the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services] and try to locate their children. It was the wrong number. Last week [early June 2018], parents were given a handwritten note telling them to call ICE – not HHS – if they wanted information about how to reunite with their children. But parents did not have access to phones at the time, rendering the number useless.”

     Supporters of President Trump's immigration policy doubt that the above story has any veracity; they do not believe that there is any truth behind the claim that immigrant children were separated from their parents through promises of baths. But it is the truth, and any student of history should hear serious alarm bells ringing in his head at the similarity between this incident and the Nazis' gassing of Jews after they were told they were about to take showers.

     Sure, this is slightly different, because the Jews were gassed to death, while the immigrant children are merely missing... but to those who would make that argument, I ask: What makes you so certain that many of those immigrant children didn't die too?



4. Most Americans Don't Mind Spending too Much, Working too Hard, to Earn Special Treatment
5. Unpaid Prison Labor and For-Profit Prisons Are on the Rise
6. Fear-Mongering About Disease-Carrying Immigrants Prompts Calls for Ethnic Cleansing

7. U.S. Immigration Authorities Sprayed Immigrants with Zyklon-B, Once Used to Gas Jews
8. Authorities Are Spraying People with Noxious Gas at the Border Right Now
9. Calling Welfare Recipients and Immigrants “Parasites” Normalizes Dehumanization
10. Americans of 
Both Major Parties Justify Abortion if it's of “the Right Race”
11. Immigrants Are Depicted as Invading Hordes of Barbarians, Like the Jews Were
12. Immigrants Are Depicted as Both “Lazy” and “Taking Your Jobs”, Like the Jews Were
13. President Trump Has Promulgated Stereotypes About Hispanics, Muslims, and Jews
14. President Trump Said He'd Consider Creating a Database of Muslim-Americans
15. President Trump Encourages His Supporters to Harm Protesters and Dissidents
16. Trump's Ex-Wife Claims He Reads and Admires the Fascist Italian Dictator Benito Mussolini
17. President Trump Wants to Amend or Repeal the Birthright Citizenship Clause
18. The President Wants Dictatorial Power, and Congress Has Historically Given it to Him
19. The 2020 Census Could Be Used as an Excuse to Arrest and Deport Undocumented Immigrants
20. The U.S. Already Practices Internment of “Undesirables” and Maintains Concentration Camps
21. People Still Excuse F.D.R. for Refusing to Let Undocumented Jewish Refugees In
22. The Democratic Party's Love of Big Government Makes Authoritarianism Unavoidable

23. An I.C.E. Official Said They're “Just Following Orders”, Like the Nazi Adolf Eichmann Did
24. Trump's Former Press Correspondent Claimed That the Nazis Never Used Chemical Weapons

25. Ultra-Nationalism, Nativism, and Extreme Anti-Immigration Policies Are the New Normal
26. American Citizens in Good Standing Are Already Losing Their Citizenship Without Cause
27. Right-Wingers in Germany, Austria, Italy, etc. Hope to Form an "Axis" to Solve Immigration
28. Democrats' Enthusiastic Support for Assimilation Plays Right into Republicans' Hands
29. Americans of Both Major Parties Demonize the Far Left, Communism, and All Things Foreign
30. Obama Democrats Made it Difficult to Get Away with Calling the President Racist or Fascist
31. Strong Anti-Fascism is Virtually Non-Existent in Libertarian Circles, the One Place it Matters
32. I.C.E. Separates People by Age and Sex, Like the Nazis Did
33. I.C.E. Confiscates Religious Items, Like the Nazis and Communists Did
34. Post-9/11 Fear of Foreigners and Middle Easterners Threatens the Safety of Jewish People
35. A Growing Number of Americans Want to Silence Discussion of Israel
36. All Criticism of the State of Israel is Deemed Anti-Semitic, and This Silences Jewish Voices
37. Promoting Jewish Stereotypes is Publicly Acceptable in America Nowadays
38. Many Jewish-Americans Have Been Legally, and Voluntarily, Disarmed
39. Israeli Ultra-Nationalism is on the Rise, and Gaza is Already a Concentration Camp
40. George W. Bush's Grandfather Was a War Profiteer, and Bush Loyalists Are Still in Office
41. American Companies That Financed Nazis and the Holocaust Are Still Around, and Popular
42. Americans and Soviets Imported Nazi Scientists As Part of Operation Paperclip
43. Americans Call for More Non-White Police, While Nazis Rewarded Loyalty with Police Posts
44. Many Americans Are Desensitized to Violence, and See Mass Murder as Something Funny
45. A Literal Nazi Ran for U.S. House of Representatives and Won His Nomination Uncontested
46. American Culture is Awash in Alcohol, Which Was Given to Jews to Cope with Their Conditions
47. American Culture Values Competitiveness in Sports, the Economy, and Even Survival


     The explanation for reasons #4-#47 will be posted here soon.




Sources
1. http://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation-now/2018/10/29/pittsburgh-synagogue-shooting-what-we-know/1804878002/
2. http://www.dw.com/en/us-neo-nazi-groups-on-the-rise-under-president-donald-trump-report/a-42688331
3. http://www.thenation.com/article/american-imperialism-when-it-all-began/
4. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z2fN67GUrYw
5. http://www.theguardian.com/news/2018/jul/03/nothing-to-worry-about-the-water-is-fine-how-flint-michigan-poisoned-its-people
6. http://www.scrapbookpages.com/DachauScrapbook/GasChamber/descriptions.html
7. http://www.history.com/topics/holocaust/ethnic-cleansing
8. http://moderndiplomacy.eu/2018/11/20/the-difference-between-genocide-and-ethnic-cleansing/
9. http://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/the-biological-state-nazi-racial-hygiene-1933-1939
10. http://oll.libertyfund.org/quotes/484
11. http://www.npr.org/2015/03/02/390245038/ben-franklins-famous-liberty-safety-quote-lost-its-context-in-21st-century
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24. http://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/supreme-court-rules-in-favor-of-police-in-home-searches-without-objector-present/2014/02/25/7bc1bb6a-9e5a-11e3-b8d8-94577ff66b28_story.html
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27. http://thehill.com/opinion/civil-rights/376961-civil-asset-forfeiture-reform-is-sweeping-the-nation
28. http://www.aclu.org/issues/criminal-law-reform/reforming-police-practices/asset-forfeiture-abuse
29. http://www.rasmussenreports.com/public_content/politics/general_politics/september_2016/voters_show_more_support_for_stop_and_frisk_laws
30. http://www.law.cornell.edu/wex/terry_stop_stop_and_frisk
31. http://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/177/529/
32. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/radley-balko/myths-and-misconceptions-_b_1596846.html
33. http://law.justia.com/cases/district-of-columbia/court-of-appeals/1981/79-6-3.html
34. http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/local/breaking/ct-met-laquan-mcdonald-jason-van-dyke-guilty-20181005-story.html
35. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lb3rAglRsqU
36. http://www.dla.mil/DispositionServices/Offers/Reutilization/LawEnforcement/JoinTheProgram.aspx
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38. http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2012/jul/10/nsa-warrantless-wiretapping-crime
39. http://abcnews.go.com/ABCNews/exclusive-undercover-dhs-tests-find-widespread-security-failures/story?id=31434881
40. http://www.gatheringspot.net/video/political-activismcover-ups/tsa-groping-you-beyond-airports
41. http://www.nytimes.com/2016/07/12/upshot/surprising-new-evidence-shows-bias-in-police-use-of-force-but-not-in-shootings.html
42. http://www.latimes.com/nation/la-na-mesa-arizona-police-shooting-20171208-story.html
43. http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2017/09/21/552527929/oklahoma-city-police-fatally-shoot-deaf-man-despite-yells-of-he-cant-hear-you
44. http://www.cnet.com/news/controversy-after-cops-aggressive-arrest-of-jogger-wearing-earbuds/
45. http://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2014/05/misunderstanding-disability-leads-to-police-violence/361786/
46. http://www.wsbradio.com/news/national/witness-didn-hear-officer-order-security-guard-drop-gun/G8F1hMGkvDkiyM60cifm4I/
47. http://www.wnd.com/2008/08/71096/
48. http://www.washingtonpost.com/posteverything/wp/2014/08/19/im-a-cop-if-you-dont-want-to-get-hurt-dont-challenge-me/
49. http://imgur.com/gallery/pDlto
50. http://me.me/i/just-do-what-they-say-and-you-wont-get-hurt-15498980
51. http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=126028106
52. http://www.nature.com/news/how-human-sacrifice-propped-up-the-social-order-1.19681
53. http://medium.com/the-mission/if-we-want-progress-we-need-to-be-willing-to-compromise-cefb054f60f7
54. http://winstonchurchill.hillsdale.edu/socialism-is-the-philosophy-of-failure-winston-churchill/
55. http://roadwarriorvoices.com/2015/04/06/air-travelers-inadvertently-gave-the-tsa-more-than-638k-in-change-last-year/
56. http://www.usatoday.com/story/travel/roadwarriorvoices/2015/07/02/what-does-the-tsa-do-with-the-stuff-it-confiscates-they-sell-it-cheap/83201164/
57. http://www.eyeflare.com/article/where-buy-goods-confiscated-tsa/
58. http://www.rd.com/advice/travel/return-confiscated-items-tsa/
59. http://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/1938-nazi-law-forced-jews-register-their-wealthmaking-it-easier-steal-180968894/
60. http://www.yadvashem.org/odot_pdf/Microsoft%20Word%20-%202277.pdf
61. http://ftw.usatoday.com/2013/08/nfl-fans-purses-stadium-rules
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63. http://www.tsa.gov/videos/travel-tips-3-1-1-liquids-rule
64. http://aquarianagrarian.blogspot.com/2012/10/what-happened-when-i-skipped-obamas.html
65. http://www.ajc.com/news/national/tsa-apologizes-for-tossing-out-woman-breast-milk-during-airport-screening/XM717VuyxJLvqRFqptsgSK/
66. http://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2016/jul/02/disabled-cancer-patient-tsa-lawsuit-memphis-airport
67. http://www.scrapbookpages.com/DachauScrapbook/ShowerHeads.html

68. Crystal Night: 9-10 November 1938, Thalmann, Rita and Feinermann, Emmanuel. 1974.
69. http://quoteinvestigator.com/2013/10/11/let-me/
70. http://www.politifact.com/truth-o-meter/statements/2016/feb/28/bernie-s/bernie-sanders-chuck-todd-debate-crime-bill-vote-a/
71. http://fortune.com/2018/08/28/trump-trade-war-farmer-aid/
72. http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/oskar-schindler
73. http://speakola.com/ideas/chaim-rumkowski-give-me-your-children-1942

74. http://www.linkedin.com/pulse/20130502052254-64875646-how-facebook-exploits-your-private-information


Written on November 20th through 22nd, 2018
Originally Published on November 22nd, 2018
Ending of Section #3 Added on November 23rd, 2018
Edited and Expanded on November 28th and December 19th, 2018
Edited on November 30th, 2018

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